Main Article Content
Abstract
RÉSUMÉ
Introduction. Le paludisme à Plasmodium falciparum sévit de manière endémique au Gabon et demeure une menace de santé publique due à la fréquence non négligeable des formes sévères parmi lesquelles l’anémie. Cette étude avait pour but de déterminer la prévalence de l’anémie liée au paludisme grave et les facteurs associés. Méthodes. Il s’agit d’une étude rétrospective menée à partir de 1231 dossiers d’enfants hospitalisés dans la période allant de janvier à décembre 2018 à l’Hôpital Régional Estuaire Melen. La goutte épaisse et le frottis sanguin ont été utilisés pour la détection du parasite et la détermination de la parasitémie. Les enfants ayant un taux d'hémoglobine inférieur à 11g/dl ont été considérés comme anémiques. Résultats. Le paludisme grave représentait 40,0% (n=493/1231) des hospitalisations. La densité parasitaire moyenne était de 42468±113626p/µl. Les signes cliniques les plus retrouvés étaient l’asthénie, les vomissements, la splénomégalie et les convulsions, dans respectivement 94,5%, 44,6%, 30,4% et 16,2% des cas. La pâleur était présente chez plus la moitié (53,1%) des enfants. La prévalence de l’anémie sévère était de 22,5%. Le taux moyen d’hémoglobine était de 7,4±2,6g/dl. Au total 5,6% (n=25/448) étaient drépanocytaires. Les nourrissons et les enfants âgés de 24 à 59 mois avaient significativement plus fréquemment une anémie sévère (p=0,02). La drépanocytose, la non utilisation de moustiquaires imprégnées et un délai de consultation de plus de 2 jours étaient associés à une fréquence plus élevée d’anémie sévère (p<0,01). Conclusion. La fréquence de l’anémie demeure élevée chez les enfants impaludés. Un meilleur accès aux soins, à la prévention antipaludique sont nécessaires.
ABSTRACT
Introduction. Plasmodium falciparum malaria is endemic in Gabon and remains a public health threat due to the significant frequency of severe forms, including anemia. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anemia associated with severe malaria and the associated factors. Methods. This was a retrospective study conducted from 1231 records of children hospitalized in the period from January to December 2018 at the Estuaire Melen Regional Hospital. Thick drop and blood smear were used for parasite detection and parasitemia determination. Children with hemoglobin levels below 11g/dl were considered anemic. Results. Severe malaria accounted for 40.0% (n=493/1231) of hospitalizations. Mean parasite density was 42468±113626p/µl. The most common clinical signs were asthenia, vomiting, splenomegaly and convulsions, in 94.5%, 44.6%, 30.4% and 16.2% of cases respectively. Pallor was present in more than half (53.1%) of children. The prevalence of severe anemia was 22.5%. The mean hemoglobin level was 7.4±2.6g/dl. A total of 5.6% (n=25/448) had sickle cell disease. Infants and children aged 24-59 months were significantly more likely to have severe anemia (p=0.02). Sickle cell disease, non-use of impregnated mosquito nets and a consultation delay of more than 2 days were associated with a higher frequency of severe anemia (p<0.01). Conclusion. The frequency of anemia remains high in malaria-infected children. Better access to care and malaria prevention are needed.
Keywords
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
- 1-Organisation Mondiale de la Santé, World Malaria Report 2023, https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2023
- 2- Bouyou-Akotet. MK, Arnaud Dzeing-Ella, Eric Kendjo, et al. Impact of plasmodium falciparum infection on the frequency of moderate to severe anaemia in children below 10 years of age in Gabon. Malaria Journal 2009; 8:166.
- 3-Bouyou-Akotet. Mk, Mawilli Mboumba, Kendjo Eric et al. Complicated malaria and other severe febrile illness in a pediatric ward in Libreville, Gabon BMC Inf Dis 2012; 216-224
- 4- Mawili-Mboumba DP, Bouyou Akotet MK, Kendjo E, Nzamba J, Medang MO, Mbina JR, Kombila M; MCORU team. Increase in malaria prevalence and age of at risk population in different areas of Gabon. Malar J. 2013 Jan 2;12:3. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-3. PMID: 23282198; PMCID: PMC3549767.
- 5-Thèse Ndjogatha 2024
- 6- Opoka RO, Namazzi R, Datta D, Bangirana P, Conroy AL, Goings MJ, Mellencamp KA, John CC. Severe falciparum malaria in young children is associated with an increased risk of post-discharge hospitalization: a prospective cohort study. Malar J. 2024 Dec 4;23(1):367. doi: 10.1186/s12936-024-05196-3. PMID: 39633351; PMCID: PMC11616343.
- 7-Tahita MC, Bassat Q. Post-discharge malaria chemoprevention in children with severe anaemia: a robust strategy to save lives. Lancet Glob Health. 2024 Jan;12(1):e2-e3. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00524-7. PMID: 38097287.
- 8- Organisation Mondiale de la Santé, Malaria Policy Advisory Committee meeting report, 2017
- 9-Haldar K, Mohandas N. Malaria, erythrocytic infection, and anemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:87-93. doi: 10.1182/asheducation-2009.1.87. PMID: 20008186; PMCID: PMC2933134.
- 10-Mawili Mboumba, in press, 2025
- 11-Veletzky L, Hergeth J, Stelzl DR, Mischlinger J, Manego RZ, Mombo-Ngoma G, McCall MBB, Adegnika AA, Agnandji ST, Metzger WG, Matsiegui PB, Lagler H, Mordmüller B, Budke C, Ramharter M. Burden of disease in Gabon caused by loiasis: a cross-sectional survey. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Nov;20(11):1339-1346. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30256-5. Epub 2020 Jun 22. PMID: 32585133.
- 12-Imboumy-Limoukou RK, Lendongo-Wombo JB, Nguimbyangue-Apangome AF, Biteghe Bi Essone JC, Mounioko F, Oyegue-Libagui LS, Ngoungou BE, Lekana-Douki JB. Severe malaria in Gabon: epidemiological, clinical and laboratory features in Amissa Bongo Hospital of Franceville. Malar J. 2023 Mar 9;22(1):88. doi: 10.1186/s12936-023-04512-7. PMID: 36894964; PMCID: PMC9996888.
- 13-M’Bondouke N, Mawili Mboumba, J. V. Koumba Lengongo, J. M. Ndong Ngomo, and M. K. Bouyou-Akotet, “Prévalences de la loaose et de la mansonellose microfilarémiques dans deux provinces du Gabon,” Bull. Médical d’Owendo, vol. 15, no. 42, pp. 33–36, 2015.
- 14-Bouyou-Akotet, M.K., Mawili-Mboumba, D.P., Kendjo, E. et al. Evidence of decline of malaria in the general hospital of Libreville, Gabon from 2000 to 2008. Malar J 8, 300 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-8-300
- 15-Maghendji-Nzondo S, Hermann Nzoughe, Guy Joseph Lemamy , Lady Charlene Kouna1 , Irene Pegha-Moukandja, Faustin Lekoulou , Bertrand Mbatchi , Fousseyni Toure-Ndouo, and Jean Bernard Lekana-Douki1,Prevalence of malaria, prevention measures, and main clinical features in febrile children admitted to the Franceville Regional Hospital, Gabon Parasite 2016, 23, 32
- 16-Dieki R, Eyang Assengone ER, Nsi Emvo E, Akue JP. Profile of loiasis infection through clinical and laboratory diagnostics: the importance of biomarkers. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2023 May 2;117(5):349-357.doi: 10.1093/trstmh/trac116. PMID: 36520072; PMCID: PMC10153730.
- 17-Selidji T. Agnandji, Mario Recker, Benjamin Mordmüller et al, Prostration and the prognosis of death in African children with severe malaria, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 134,2023,Pages 240-247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2023.06.022.
- 18-Wanji S, Tendongfor N, Esum ME, Enyong P. Chrysops silacea biting densities and transmission potential in an endemic area of human loiasis in south-west Cameroon. Trop Med Int Health. 2002 Apr;7(4):371-7. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00845.x. PMID: 11952954.
- 19-Mengome MFA, Kono HN, Bivigou EA, M'bondoukwe NP, Ngomo JN, Ditombi BM, Ngondza BP, Bisseye C, Mawili-Mboumba DP, Bouyou Akotet MK. Prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors according to urbanization level, gender and age, in apparently healthy adults living in Gabon, Central Africa. PLoS One. 2024 Apr 5;19(4):e0285907. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285907. PMID: 38578783; PMCID: PMC10997135.
- 20-Ndong Ngomo JM, article soumis
- 21-CHIABI Andreas, DJIMAFO Amandine Nadege M., NGUEFACK, Séraphin, et al. Severe malaria in Cameroon: Pattern of disease in children at the Yaounde Gynaeco-Obstetric and Pediatric hospital. Journal of infection and public health, 2020, vol. 13, no 10, p. 1469-1472.
- 22-Bouyou-Akotet, M.K., Mawili-Mboumba, D.P., Kendjo, E. et al. Complicated malaria and other severe febrile illness in a pediatric ward in Libreville, Gabon. BMC Infect Dis 12, 216 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-12-216
- 23-Kevin G Buell, Charles Whittaker, Cédric B Chesnais, Paul D Jewell, Sébastien D S Pion, Martin Walker, Maria-Gloria Basáñez, Michel Boussinesq, Atypical Clinical Manifestations of Loiasis and Their Relevance for Endemic Populations, Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Volume 6, Issue 11, November 2019, ofz417, https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz417
- 24- Mpimbaza, A., Ndeezi, G., Katahoire, A., Rosenthal, P. J., & Karamagi, C. (2017). Demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic factors leading to severe malaria and delayed care seeking in Ugandan children: a case–control study. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 97(5), 1513.
- 25- Direction Générale de la Statistique, Troisième Enquête Démographique et de Santé 2019-2021,GAB_2019_DHS_v01_M ; https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/collections/dhs
- 26- Moutombi Ditombi Bridy , Coella Joyce Mihindou a,b , Fanny Bertrande Batchy Ognagosso et al.; Trends in ITN Use Prevalence among Children Attending for Malaria Diagnosis in the Main Sentinel Site for Malaria Surveillance of Gabon: Data from 2010 to 2020Int. J. Trop. Dis. Health, vol. 44, no. 24, pp. 1-9, 2023; Article no.IJTDH.109907
References
1-Organisation Mondiale de la Santé, World Malaria Report 2023, https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2023
2- Bouyou-Akotet. MK, Arnaud Dzeing-Ella, Eric Kendjo, et al. Impact of plasmodium falciparum infection on the frequency of moderate to severe anaemia in children below 10 years of age in Gabon. Malaria Journal 2009; 8:166.
3-Bouyou-Akotet. Mk, Mawilli Mboumba, Kendjo Eric et al. Complicated malaria and other severe febrile illness in a pediatric ward in Libreville, Gabon BMC Inf Dis 2012; 216-224
4- Mawili-Mboumba DP, Bouyou Akotet MK, Kendjo E, Nzamba J, Medang MO, Mbina JR, Kombila M; MCORU team. Increase in malaria prevalence and age of at risk population in different areas of Gabon. Malar J. 2013 Jan 2;12:3. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-3. PMID: 23282198; PMCID: PMC3549767.
5-Thèse Ndjogatha 2024
6- Opoka RO, Namazzi R, Datta D, Bangirana P, Conroy AL, Goings MJ, Mellencamp KA, John CC. Severe falciparum malaria in young children is associated with an increased risk of post-discharge hospitalization: a prospective cohort study. Malar J. 2024 Dec 4;23(1):367. doi: 10.1186/s12936-024-05196-3. PMID: 39633351; PMCID: PMC11616343.
7-Tahita MC, Bassat Q. Post-discharge malaria chemoprevention in children with severe anaemia: a robust strategy to save lives. Lancet Glob Health. 2024 Jan;12(1):e2-e3. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00524-7. PMID: 38097287.
8- Organisation Mondiale de la Santé, Malaria Policy Advisory Committee meeting report, 2017
9-Haldar K, Mohandas N. Malaria, erythrocytic infection, and anemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:87-93. doi: 10.1182/asheducation-2009.1.87. PMID: 20008186; PMCID: PMC2933134.
10-Mawili Mboumba, in press, 2025
11-Veletzky L, Hergeth J, Stelzl DR, Mischlinger J, Manego RZ, Mombo-Ngoma G, McCall MBB, Adegnika AA, Agnandji ST, Metzger WG, Matsiegui PB, Lagler H, Mordmüller B, Budke C, Ramharter M. Burden of disease in Gabon caused by loiasis: a cross-sectional survey. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Nov;20(11):1339-1346. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30256-5. Epub 2020 Jun 22. PMID: 32585133.
12-Imboumy-Limoukou RK, Lendongo-Wombo JB, Nguimbyangue-Apangome AF, Biteghe Bi Essone JC, Mounioko F, Oyegue-Libagui LS, Ngoungou BE, Lekana-Douki JB. Severe malaria in Gabon: epidemiological, clinical and laboratory features in Amissa Bongo Hospital of Franceville. Malar J. 2023 Mar 9;22(1):88. doi: 10.1186/s12936-023-04512-7. PMID: 36894964; PMCID: PMC9996888.
13-M’Bondouke N, Mawili Mboumba, J. V. Koumba Lengongo, J. M. Ndong Ngomo, and M. K. Bouyou-Akotet, “Prévalences de la loaose et de la mansonellose microfilarémiques dans deux provinces du Gabon,” Bull. Médical d’Owendo, vol. 15, no. 42, pp. 33–36, 2015.
14-Bouyou-Akotet, M.K., Mawili-Mboumba, D.P., Kendjo, E. et al. Evidence of decline of malaria in the general hospital of Libreville, Gabon from 2000 to 2008. Malar J 8, 300 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-8-300
15-Maghendji-Nzondo S, Hermann Nzoughe, Guy Joseph Lemamy , Lady Charlene Kouna1 , Irene Pegha-Moukandja, Faustin Lekoulou , Bertrand Mbatchi , Fousseyni Toure-Ndouo, and Jean Bernard Lekana-Douki1,Prevalence of malaria, prevention measures, and main clinical features in febrile children admitted to the Franceville Regional Hospital, Gabon Parasite 2016, 23, 32
16-Dieki R, Eyang Assengone ER, Nsi Emvo E, Akue JP. Profile of loiasis infection through clinical and laboratory diagnostics: the importance of biomarkers. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2023 May 2;117(5):349-357.doi: 10.1093/trstmh/trac116. PMID: 36520072; PMCID: PMC10153730.
17-Selidji T. Agnandji, Mario Recker, Benjamin Mordmüller et al, Prostration and the prognosis of death in African children with severe malaria, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 134,2023,Pages 240-247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2023.06.022.
18-Wanji S, Tendongfor N, Esum ME, Enyong P. Chrysops silacea biting densities and transmission potential in an endemic area of human loiasis in south-west Cameroon. Trop Med Int Health. 2002 Apr;7(4):371-7. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00845.x. PMID: 11952954.
19-Mengome MFA, Kono HN, Bivigou EA, M'bondoukwe NP, Ngomo JN, Ditombi BM, Ngondza BP, Bisseye C, Mawili-Mboumba DP, Bouyou Akotet MK. Prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors according to urbanization level, gender and age, in apparently healthy adults living in Gabon, Central Africa. PLoS One. 2024 Apr 5;19(4):e0285907. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285907. PMID: 38578783; PMCID: PMC10997135.
20-Ndong Ngomo JM, article soumis
21-CHIABI Andreas, DJIMAFO Amandine Nadege M., NGUEFACK, Séraphin, et al. Severe malaria in Cameroon: Pattern of disease in children at the Yaounde Gynaeco-Obstetric and Pediatric hospital. Journal of infection and public health, 2020, vol. 13, no 10, p. 1469-1472.
22-Bouyou-Akotet, M.K., Mawili-Mboumba, D.P., Kendjo, E. et al. Complicated malaria and other severe febrile illness in a pediatric ward in Libreville, Gabon. BMC Infect Dis 12, 216 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-12-216
23-Kevin G Buell, Charles Whittaker, Cédric B Chesnais, Paul D Jewell, Sébastien D S Pion, Martin Walker, Maria-Gloria Basáñez, Michel Boussinesq, Atypical Clinical Manifestations of Loiasis and Their Relevance for Endemic Populations, Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Volume 6, Issue 11, November 2019, ofz417, https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz417
24- Mpimbaza, A., Ndeezi, G., Katahoire, A., Rosenthal, P. J., & Karamagi, C. (2017). Demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic factors leading to severe malaria and delayed care seeking in Ugandan children: a case–control study. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 97(5), 1513.
25- Direction Générale de la Statistique, Troisième Enquête Démographique et de Santé 2019-2021,GAB_2019_DHS_v01_M ; https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/collections/dhs
26- Moutombi Ditombi Bridy , Coella Joyce Mihindou a,b , Fanny Bertrande Batchy Ognagosso et al.; Trends in ITN Use Prevalence among Children Attending for Malaria Diagnosis in the Main Sentinel Site for Malaria Surveillance of Gabon: Data from 2010 to 2020Int. J. Trop. Dis. Health, vol. 44, no. 24, pp. 1-9, 2023; Article no.IJTDH.109907