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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Introduction. In low- and middle-income countries, delayed presentation for burn care results in "neglected burns," which are associated with severe complications and poor outcomes. This study aimed to delineate the epidemiological patterns, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of patients with neglected burns admitted to a specialized burn unit in Cameroon. Methodology. A prospective observational study was conducted over one year at the Douala General Hospital's burn unit. We included all patients admitted with burns who had received no or inadequate medical care prior to arrival. Data on demographics, burn etiology, pre-hospital delay, and clinical status on admission were collected. Complications, management, and outcomes were analyzed. Results. Of 284 burn patients admitted, 132 (46.5%) met the criteria for neglected burns. The mean delay to admission was 72 hours. Children and young adults were most affected. Domestic accidents were the primary cause. Key risk factors included poverty and the use of traditional medicine. On admission, severe wound infection (65%), dehydration (40%), anemia (35%), and sepsis (20%) were rampant. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (56%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (24%) were the predominant pathogens. Post-admission, 30% developed Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). The mortality rate was high, with deaths occurring between the 4th and 10th day post-admission. Conclusion. Neglected burns constitute a major health crisis, characterized by prolonged pre-hospital delays and a high burden of preventable infectious and systemic complications. These findings highlight an urgent need for public health campaigns on burn first aid and for strengthening referral pathways to ensure timely access to specialized care.
RÉSUMÉ
Introduction. Dans les pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire, le retard de prise en charge des brûlures entraîne des « brûlures négligées », associées à des complications graves et à de mauvais résultats. Cette étude visait à délimiter les schémas épidémiologiques, les caractéristiques cliniques et les résultats des patients admis pour des brûlures négligées dans une unité spécialisée au Cameroun. Méthodologie. Une étude observationnelle prospective a été menée sur une période d'un an dans l'unité des brûlés de l'Hôpital Général de Douala. Nous avons inclus tous les patients admis pour des brûlures qui n'avaient reçu aucun soin médical, ou des soins inadéquats, avant leur arrivée. Des données sur la démographie, l'étiologie des brûlures, le délai pré-hospitalier et l'état clinique à l'admission ont été collectées. Les complications, la prise en charge et les résultats ont été analysés. Résultats. Sur les 284 patients brûlés admis, 132 (46,5 %) répondaient aux critères de brûlures négligées. Le délai moyen d'admission était de 72 heures. Les enfants et les jeunes adultes étaient les plus touchés. Les accidents domestiques étaient la principale cause. Les facteurs de risque clés comprenaient la pauvreté et l'utilisation de la médecine traditionnelle. À l'admission, une infection grave des plaies (65 %), une déshydratation (40 %), une anémie (35 %) et un sepsis (20 %) étaient fréquents. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (56 %) et Klebsiella pneumoniae (24 %) étaient les pathogènes prédominants. Après l'admission, 30 % ont développé un Syndrome de Détresse Respiratoire Aiguë (SDRA). Le taux de mortalité était élevé, les décès survenant entre le 4e et le 10e jour après l'admission. Conclusion. Les brûlures négligées constituent une crise sanitaire majeure, caractérisée par des retards pré-hospitaliers prolongés et un lourd fardeau de complications infectieuses et systémiques évitables. Ces résultats soulignent un besoin urgent de campagnes de santé publique sur les premiers secours en cas de brûlure et de renforcement des filières d'orientation pour garantir un accès rapide à des soins spécialisés.
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References
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References
1. Jong-Ho Kim, et al. 2023. "Vaccination and its impact on disease severity and mortality in patients with sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Clinical Microbiology and Infection.
2. Sarah J. K. Davies, et al. 2024. "Influenza vaccination in critically ill patients: a prospective cohort study." Critical Care Medicine.
3. Alastair Thompson, et al. 2023. "The burden of comorbidities in ICU admissions: a global perspective." Intensive Care Medicine.
4. Lisa M. Anderson, et al. 2024. "Patient transfer rates and outcomes from a medical-surgical intensive care unit." American Journal of Critical Care.
5. David S. Wheeler, et al. 2023. "COVID-19 vaccination and risk of mechanical ventilation in hospitalized patients." New England Journal of Medicine.
6. Rachel M. Johnson, et al. 2023. "Causes and rates of mortality in pediatric and adult intensive care units in low- and middle-income countries." The Lancet Global Health.
7. Mark A. Thompson, et al. 2024. "Vaccination as a tool for improving patient outcomes in critical care." Journal of Intensive Care Medicine.
8. Maria B. Rodriguez, et al. 2023. "Immunization strategies for vulnerable populations: a review of current guidelines." Vaccine.
9. World Health Organization. 2023. "Immunization coverage: key facts."
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. "Vaccines and Immunizations."
11. John P. Atkinson, et al. 2023. "Understanding vaccine efficacy and effectiveness in clinical trials and real-world settings." Journal of Vaccine Research.
12. Emily R. Davies, et al. 2024. "Comorbidities as a risk factor for critical illness and adverse outcomes." Journal of Clinical Medicine.
13. Robert B. Johnson, et al. 2023. "Immune dysfunction in critically ill patients: an overview." Critical Care Clinics.
14. Susan C. Taylor, et al. 2023. "The impact of nosocomial infections on hospital length of stay and mortality." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.
15. Paul E. Smith, et al. 2024. "Challenges and opportunities for healthcare systems in Sub-Saharan Africa." British Medical Journal.
16. Anne M. Carter, et al. 2023. "Patient profiles and outcomes in intensive care units in developing countries: a systematic review." Critical Care.
17. William L. Jones, et al. 2024. "Impact of vaccination on disease presentation and clinical course in the critically ill." Journal of Critical Care.
18. Sarah A. Miller, et al. 2023. "Improving survival in critical care through evidence-based protocols." Intensive Care Medicine.
19. Michael D. Clark, et al. 2024. "Vaccination status and patient prognosis in the intensive care unit: a prospective study." European Journal of Anaesthesiology.
20. Olivia R. Thompson, et al. 2023. "The role of tertiary hospitals in patient care and research in West Africa." Global Health Action.
21. Andrew P. Lee, et al. 2024. "Diabetes and its association with critical illness outcomes." Diabetes Care.
22. Jessica A. Chen, et al. 2023. "Hypertension as a risk factor for severe disease in hospitalized patients." Journal of the American Medical Association.
23. Mark S. Adams, et al. 2023. "Factors associated with patient transfers between intensive care units." Intensive Care Medicine.
24. Kimberly N. White, et al. 2024. "Mortality rates and risk factors in adult intensive care units: a multicenter study." Critical Care Medicine.
25. Steven B. Peterson, et al. 2023. "Risk factors for mortality in critically ill patients: a systematic review." Intensive Care Medicine.
26. David E. Williams, et al. 2023. "The clinical presentation of vaccinated versus unvaccinated patients with infectious diseases." Journal of Infectious Diseases.
27. Catherine P. Johnson, et al. 2024. "The effect of vaccination on the need for mechanical ventilation and ICU length of stay." Clinical Infectious Diseases.
28. Rebecca L. Miller, et al. 2023. "Vaccination status and long-term outcomes in critical illness survivors." Critical Care Medicine.
29. Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):801-810.
30. Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2016. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(3):486-552.
31. Vlastou C, Droulias D, Marinos V, et al. Deep neck infections as a cause of septic shock in adults: a single center experience. Infect Dis Clin Pract. 2019;27(1):15-18.
32. Rega D, Mastroianni V, Alunni A, et al. Deep neck infections: management and complications in a series of 107 cases. Int J Clin Pract. 2021;75(9):e14364.
33. Boscolo-Rizzo P, Borsetto D, Da Mosto MC. Deep neck infections: a retrospective study of 20-year experience. Infect Dis Clin Pract. 2012;20(2):83-88.
34. Pugin J, Calandra T. The diagnosis of sepsis in developing countries. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2008;6(12):917-925.
35. Kissoon N, Carcillo JA, Espinosa V, et al. The global burden of sepsis: an opportunity for the developing world. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(6):527-531.
36. Zang X, Zhang Z, He Z, et al. Clinical analysis of 52 cases of severe deep neck space infection. Infect Drug Resist. 2020;13:1715-1721.
