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Abstract
RÉSUMÉ
Introduction. En Afrique subsaharienne, les troubles visuels non corrigés (TVNC) compromettent la scolarité et le développement de l’enfant. Au Gabon, les initiatives de dépistage en milieu scolaire restent ponctuelles, reposant sur des missions externes sans pérennité. Cette étude a visé à identifier les obstacles multidimensionnels au dépistage des TVNC chez les enfants scolarisés à Libreville pour éclairer des stratégies d’intervention durables. Méthodologie. Une étude transversale a été menée de janvier à juin 2025 dans neuf établissements scolaires de Libreville, sélectionnés pour leur représentativité. Elle a inclus 3 500 enfants âgés de 6 à 15 ans ayant bénéficié d’un examen ophtalmologique standardisé (acuité visuelle, réfraction, examen clinique). Parallèlement, 3 000 parents, 70 enseignants et 12 agents de santé scolaire ont répondu à des questionnaires explorant leurs connaissances, pratiques et les contraintes rencontrées. Résultats. La prévalence des TVNC s’élevait à 18,9 %. Les amétropies représentaient 72 % des cas, dominées par la myopie (31,7 %), suivie de l’hypermétropie (23,0 %) et de l’astigmatisme (17,3 %). Les troubles fonctionnels (strabisme, anomalies de convergence) constituaient 28 % des cas. L’absence de sensibilisation des parents (68,5 %), le manque de formation du personnel éducatif et sanitaire (56,2 %), le déficit de matériel adapté (47,1 %) et le coût des corrections optiques (42,3 %) étaient les principaux freins. De manière critique, 83 % des écoles ne disposaient d’aucun programme structuré de dépistage, et 74 % des enseignants n’avaient reçu aucune formation à la détection des signes visuels. Conclusion. La prévalence significative des TVNC chez l’enfant à Libreville est associée à des obstacles individuels, institutionnels et systémiques. Ces résultats plaident pour un programme national intégré associant sensibilisation communautaire, formation des acteurs de terrain et dotation en équipements, afin de garantir l’équité d’accès à une vision de qualité dès l’enfance.
ABSTRACT
Introduction. In sub-Saharan Africa, uncorrected refractive errors and other visual impairments (UVI) hinder children's education and development. In Gabon, school-based screening initiatives remain sporadic and dependent on external missions, lacking sustainability. This study aimed to identify the multidimensional barriers to UVI screening among schoolchildren in Libreville to inform sustainable intervention strategies. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2025 in nine selected schools representative of Libreville. It included 3,500 children aged 6-15 years who underwent a standardized ophthalmic examination (visual acuity, refraction, clinical assessment). Concurrently, 3,000 parents, 70 teachers, and 12 school health workers completed questionnaires exploring their knowledge, practices, and encountered constraints. Results. The prevalence of UVI was 18.9%. Ametropias accounted for 72% of cases, predominantly myopia (31.7%), followed by hyperopia (23.0%) and astigmatism (17.3%). Functional vision disorders (strabismus, convergence anomalies) constituted 28% of cases. Key barriers identified were a lack of parental awareness (68.5%), insufficient training of educational and health staff (56.2%), unavailability of appropriate screening equipment (47.1%), and the high cost of corrective lenses (42.3%). Critically, 83% of schools had no structured screening program, and 74% of teachers had received no training in detecting visual signs. Conclusion. The significant prevalence of UVI among children in Libreville is associated with individual, institutional, and systemic barriers. These findings strongly support the need for an integrated national program combining community awareness, frontline worker training, and equipment provision to ensure equitable access to quality vision from childhood.
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References
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References
1. Metsing IT. Review of school vision screening guidelines: Evidence for content, provision, and efficacy. Afr Vis Eye Health. 2018; 77(1):1-7.
2. Xulu-Kasaba ZNQ, et al. Prevalence of visual impairment and refractive error among school-going children in Sekhukhune District, Limpopo, South Africa. Afr Vis Eye Health. 2020; 79 (1):1-8.
3. Manus M, et al. Community-based hearing and vision screening in low-income schools using smartphone applications. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 2021; 52 (2):1-8.
4. Dougnon A, Guirou N, Bakayoko S, et al. Situation analysis of uncorrected refractive errors in Sub‑Saharan Francophone African countries. J Ophthalmol Res. 2022; 5:48‑65.
5. Anley DT, et al. Prevalence of visual impairment and associated factors among primary school children in Ethiopia. PLOS ONE. 2022; 17(8):e0271433.
6. Nigist L, Bayisa A, Zenabu B, Dereje L. Prevalence of visual impairment among primary school children in Ambo Town, Ethiopia. SAGE Open Med. 2023; 11:20503121241236136.
7. Galindo-Romero C, Ordoñez-Angamarca L, Berrio E, Villegas E. Uncorrected refractive errors in Senegalese school‑aged children. Acta Ophthalmol. 2024.
8. Jengwia Johnson Lucha. Prevalence of refractive errors in Bamenda, Cameroon. SAERA. 2023.
9. Assoumou P, et al. Les amétropies en milieu scolaire primaire dans la province de l’Estuaire au Gabon. Bull Owendo.Année 2018.Volume 16 N°45:6-10
10. WHO. Global data on visual impairments 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022.
11. Mehari Z, Yimer A. Prevalence of refractive errors among school‑children in rural central Ethiopia. Clin Exp Optom. 2023; 96 (1):65‑69.
12. Legesse N, et al. Prevalence of visual impairment and associated factors among primary school children in Ambo Town, Ethiopia. PLOS ONE.2024;19 (5):e0271433.
13. Little JA, et al. Current status of school vision screening—rationale, methods, and outcomes. Br J Ophthalmol. 2025; 109 (7):1-8.
14. Loulidi S, et al. Visual impairment and blindness among children in Africa: A systematic review. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2025; 62 (1):1-8.
15. Harvey AA, et al. Priorities in school eye health in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2024;21(4):1-15.
16. Anokye GO, et al. School-based eye health interventions for improving visual outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. J Glob Health. 2025; 15(1):1-10.
17. Zhou F, et al. The prevalence and causes of visual impairment in special education schools in Shanxi Province, China. Sci Rep. 2025; 15 (1):1-8.
18. Alrasheed SH, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of childhood visual impairment in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2023; 29(6):1-10.
19. Magakwe TSS, et al. Development of a Children’s Visual Function Quality of Life instrument for South African children aged 6 to 17. S Afr Med J. 2025; 115(5):1-7.
20. Lekganyane RM, et al. Patterns of refractive errors and visual function in school-going children in South Africa. Afr Vis Eye Health. 2024; 83(1):1-8.
