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Abstract
Introduction. Les adénomes hypophysaires sont une cause importante de morbidité visuelle, mais leur retentissement ophtalmologique est peu documenté en Côte d’Ivoire. Cette étude a analysé les anomalies de l’acuité visuelle et du champ visuel chez les patients suivis pour adénome hypophysaire à l’hôpital militaire d’Abidjan. Méthodes. Une étude transversale descriptive et analytique a inclus, du 15 novembre 2024 au 15 mars 2025, tous les patients suivis pour adénome hypophysaire dans le service d’endocrinologie. Les données démographiques, cliniques, ophtalmologiques et thérapeutiques ont été recueillies. Une régression logistique a identifié les facteurs associés aux anomalies visuelles (p < 0,05). Résultats. Cent quatre‑vingt‑huit patients ont été inclus (âge moyen 43,1 ± 13,3 ans ; 56,9 % de femmes). Les symptômes ophtalmologiques étaient présents chez 77,8 % des patients, dominés par la baisse d’acuité visuelle et le flou visuel. Parmi les 102 patients avec examen ophtalmologique disponible, 84,3 % présentaient une anomalie de l’acuité visuelle et/ou du champ visuel. La meilleure acuité visuelle était ≤ 5/10 dans 44,8 % des cas. Les anomalies du champ visuel les plus fréquentes étaient l’hémianopsie (29,9 %), le champ éteint (34,0 %), le scotome (13,4 %) et la quadranopsie (7,2 %). En analyse univariée, la compression du chiasma (p = 0,02), le caractère non sécrétant de l’adénome (p = 0,05) et l’antécédent de chirurgie hypophysaire (p = 0,04) étaient associés aux anomalies visuelles. Après ajustement par régression logistique, aucun facteur indépendant n’a été identifié. Conclusion. Les troubles visuels sont très fréquents chez les patients porteurs d’adénome hypophysaire à Abidjan, reflétant un diagnostic tardif. Un dépistage ophtalmologique systématique et une prise en charge précoce sont indispensables pour prévenir la cécité.
ABSTRACT
Introduction. Pituitary adenomas are a major cause of visual morbidity, but their ophthalmological impact is poorly documented in Côte d’Ivoire. This study analyzed visual acuity and visual field abnormalities in patients followed for pituitary adenoma at the Abidjan Military Hospital. Methods. A cross‑sectional descriptive and analytical study included, from November 15, 2024, to March 15, 2025, all patients followed for pituitary adenoma in the endocrinology department. Demographic, clinical, ophthalmological, and therapeutic data were collected. Logistic regression identified factors associated with visual abnormalities (p < 0.05). Results. One hundred eighty‑eight patients were included (mean age 43.1 ± 13.3 years; 56.9% female). Ophthalmological symptoms were present in 77.8% of patients, dominated by decreased visual acuity and blurred vision. Among the 102 patients with available ophthalmological examination, 84.3% had visual acuity and/or visual field abnormalities. Best visual acuity was ≤ 5/10 in 44.8% of cases. The most frequent visual field defects were hemianopia (29.9%), complete field loss (34.0%), scotoma (13.4%), and quadrantanopia (7.2%). In univariate analysis, chiasmal compression (p = 0.02), non‑secreting adenoma (p = 0.05), and previous pituitary surgery (p = 0.04) were associated with visual abnormalities. After logistic regression adjustment, no independent factor was identified. Conclusion. Visual disorders are very frequent in patients with pituitary adenoma in Abidjan, reflecting delayed diagnosis. Systematic ophthalmological screening and early management are essential to prevent blindness.
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References
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- 2. Arafah BM, Nasrallah MP. Pituitary tumors: pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and management. Endocr Relat Cancer Internet. déc 2001 cité 1 mai 2025;287‑305. Disponible sur: https://erc.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/erc/8/4/11733226.xml
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- 12. Daly AF, Beckers A. The Epidemiology of Pituitary Adenomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am Internet. sept 2020 cité 6 mai 2025;49(3):347‑55. Disponible sur: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0889852920300256
- 13. Charles U, Anthony A, Emeka N, Cyril O, Obinna A, Morayo S, et al. Visual and endocrine outcome following surgery for pituitary adenoma in a tertiary hospital, North Central Nigeria. Br J Neurosurg Internet. 3 mai 2024 cité 5 mai 2025;38(3):639‑42. Disponible sur: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02688697.2021.1947973
- 14. Atroune L, Badr H, Djennas M. Les adénomes hypophysaires du sujet âgé. Neurochirurgie Internet. déc 2014 cité 6 mai 2025;60(6):354. Disponible sur: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0028377014002306
- 15. Buurman H, Saeger W. Subclinical adenomas in postmortem pituitaries: classification and correlations to clinical data. Eur J Endocrinol Internet. mai 2006 [cité 6 mai 2025];154(5):753‑8. Disponible sur: https://academic.oup.com/ejendo/article/154/5/753/6695564
- 16. Kitunguu, PK, Musau, CK, Mwang’ombe, NJM. Pituitary Surgery At The Kenyatta National Hospital. Present 2nd Int Sci Conf Chs Knh 19th - 21st June 2013 Internet. juin 2013; Disponible sur: http://hdl.handle.net/11295/61217
- 17. Skrzypczak J, Gornig H. Pre- and postoperative eye findings in hypophyseal adenoma. Zentralbl Neurochir. 1979;40(4):349‑54.
- 18. Ogra S, Nichols AD, Stylli S, Kaye AH, Savino PJ, Danesh-Meyer HV. Visual acuity and pattern of visual field loss at presentation in pituitary adenoma. J Clin Neurosci Internet. mai 2014 cité 1 mai 2025;21(5):735‑40. Disponible sur: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S096758681400068X
- 19. Drange MR, Fram NR, Herman-Bonert V, Melmed S. Pituitary Tumor Registry: A Novel Clinical Resource1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab Internet. janv 2000 cité 1 mai 2025;85(1):168‑74. Disponible sur: https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/jcem.85.1.6309
- 20. Anderson D, Faber P, Marcovitz S, Hardy J, Lorenzetti D. Pituitary Tumors and the Ophthalmologist. Ophthalmology Internet. nov 1983 cité 1 mai 2025;90(11):1265‑70. Disponible sur: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0161642083343931
- 21. Bynke H. Pituitary adenomas with ocular manifestations. Neuro-Ophthalmol Internet. janv 1986 cité 1 mai 2025;6(5):303‑11. Disponible sur: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/01658108609053874
- 22. Sociéte francaise d’Endocrinologie. Item 244 – Adénome hypophysaire. Disponible sur: https://www.sfendocrino.org/item-244-adenome-hypophysaire/
- 23. Schmalisch K, Milian M, Schimitzek T, Lagrèze WA, Honegger J. Predictors for visual dysfunction in nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas – implications for neurosurgical management. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) Internet. nov 2012 cité 2 mai 2025;77(5):728‑34. Disponible sur: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04457.x
- 24. Brecelj J. Visual electrophysiology in the clinical evaluation of optic neuritis, chiasmal tumours, achiasmia, and ocular albinism: an overview. Doc Ophthalmol Internet. oct 2014 cité 18 mai 2025;129(2):71‑84. Disponible sur: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10633-014-9448-8
- 25. Abouaf L, Vighetto A, Lebas M. Neuro-ophthalmologic exploration in non-functioning pituitary adenoma. Ann Endocrinol Internet. juill 2015 cité 2 mai 2025;76(3):210‑9. Disponible sur: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003426615000992
- 26. Lee J, Kim SW, Kim DW, Shin JY, Choi M, Oh MC, et al. Predictive model for recovery of visual field after surgery of pituitary adenoma. J Neurooncol Internet. oct 2016 cité 5 mai 2025;130(1):155‑64. Disponible sur: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11060-016-2227-5
References
1. Sullivan LJ, O’Day J, McNeill P. Visual outcomes of pituitary adenoma surgery. St. Vincent’s Hospital 1968-1987. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. déc 1991;11(4):262‑7.
2. Arafah BM, Nasrallah MP. Pituitary tumors: pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and management. Endocr Relat Cancer Internet. déc 2001 cité 1 mai 2025;287‑305. Disponible sur: https://erc.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/erc/8/4/11733226.xml
3. Kawasaki A, Purvin VA. Photophobia as the Presenting Visual Symptom of Chiasmal Compression: J Neuroophthalmol Internet. mars 2002 cité 18 mai 2025;22(1):3‑8. Disponible sur: http://journals.lww.com/00041327-200203000-00002
4. Wall M, Punke SG, Stickney TL, Brito CF, Withrow KR, Kardon RH. SITA standard in optic neuropathies and hemianopias: a comparison with full threshold testing. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. févr 2001;42(2):528‑37.
5. Kim TG, Jin KH, Kang J. Clinical characteristics and ophthalmologic findings of pituitary adenommontera in Korean patients. Int Ophthalmol Internet. janv 2019 cité 1 juin 2024;39(1):21‑31. Disponible sur: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10792-017-0778-x
6. Ogra S, Nichols AD, Stylli S, Kaye AH, Savino PJ, Danesh-Meyer HV. Visual acuity and pattern of visual field loss at presentation in pituitary adenoma. J Clin Neurosci Internet. mai 2014 cité 18 mai 2025;21(5):735‑40. Disponible sur: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S096758681400068X
7. Buchfelder M, Schlaffer S. Surgical treatment of pituitary tumours. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab Internet. oct 2009 cité 22 mai 2025;23(5):677‑92. Disponible sur: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1521690X09000505
8. Lucas JW, Bodach ME, Tumialan LM, Oyesiku NM, Patil CG, Litvack Z, et al. Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guideline on Primary Management of Patients With Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas. Neurosurgery Internet. oct 2016 cité 19 mai 2025;79(4):E533‑5. Disponible sur: https://journals.lww.com/00006123-201610000-00017
9. Cherchir F, Khessairi N, Gharbi Y, Grassa A, Chaker F, Chihaoui M. Cécité dans les adénomes hypophysaires non sécrétants : prévalence et facteurs associés. Ann Endocrinol Internet. févr 2023 cité 1 juin 2024;84(1):104. Disponible sur: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003426622009362
10. Gadji, Fatou Kiné. Profil des adénomes hypophysaires au Sénégal Internet. 2023. Disponible sur: https://www.bibliosante.ml/handle/123456789/5900
11. Naamuah Tagoe N, Adobea Essuman V, Bankah P, Dakurah T, Kwaku Hewlett V, Akpalu J, et al. Visual Outcome of Patients with Pituitary Adenomas Following Surgery and Its Contributory Factors at a Tertiary Hospital in Ghana. Ethiop J Health Sci Internet. 1 janv 1970 cité 5 mai 2025;29(1). Disponible sur: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejhs/article/view/187193
12. Daly AF, Beckers A. The Epidemiology of Pituitary Adenomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am Internet. sept 2020 cité 6 mai 2025;49(3):347‑55. Disponible sur: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0889852920300256
13. Charles U, Anthony A, Emeka N, Cyril O, Obinna A, Morayo S, et al. Visual and endocrine outcome following surgery for pituitary adenoma in a tertiary hospital, North Central Nigeria. Br J Neurosurg Internet. 3 mai 2024 cité 5 mai 2025;38(3):639‑42. Disponible sur: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02688697.2021.1947973
14. Atroune L, Badr H, Djennas M. Les adénomes hypophysaires du sujet âgé. Neurochirurgie Internet. déc 2014 cité 6 mai 2025;60(6):354. Disponible sur: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0028377014002306
15. Buurman H, Saeger W. Subclinical adenomas in postmortem pituitaries: classification and correlations to clinical data. Eur J Endocrinol Internet. mai 2006 [cité 6 mai 2025];154(5):753‑8. Disponible sur: https://academic.oup.com/ejendo/article/154/5/753/6695564
16. Kitunguu, PK, Musau, CK, Mwang’ombe, NJM. Pituitary Surgery At The Kenyatta National Hospital. Present 2nd Int Sci Conf Chs Knh 19th - 21st June 2013 Internet. juin 2013; Disponible sur: http://hdl.handle.net/11295/61217
17. Skrzypczak J, Gornig H. Pre- and postoperative eye findings in hypophyseal adenoma. Zentralbl Neurochir. 1979;40(4):349‑54.
18. Ogra S, Nichols AD, Stylli S, Kaye AH, Savino PJ, Danesh-Meyer HV. Visual acuity and pattern of visual field loss at presentation in pituitary adenoma. J Clin Neurosci Internet. mai 2014 cité 1 mai 2025;21(5):735‑40. Disponible sur: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S096758681400068X
19. Drange MR, Fram NR, Herman-Bonert V, Melmed S. Pituitary Tumor Registry: A Novel Clinical Resource1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab Internet. janv 2000 cité 1 mai 2025;85(1):168‑74. Disponible sur: https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/jcem.85.1.6309
20. Anderson D, Faber P, Marcovitz S, Hardy J, Lorenzetti D. Pituitary Tumors and the Ophthalmologist. Ophthalmology Internet. nov 1983 cité 1 mai 2025;90(11):1265‑70. Disponible sur: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0161642083343931
21. Bynke H. Pituitary adenomas with ocular manifestations. Neuro-Ophthalmol Internet. janv 1986 cité 1 mai 2025;6(5):303‑11. Disponible sur: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/01658108609053874
22. Sociéte francaise d’Endocrinologie. Item 244 – Adénome hypophysaire. Disponible sur: https://www.sfendocrino.org/item-244-adenome-hypophysaire/
23. Schmalisch K, Milian M, Schimitzek T, Lagrèze WA, Honegger J. Predictors for visual dysfunction in nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas – implications for neurosurgical management. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) Internet. nov 2012 cité 2 mai 2025;77(5):728‑34. Disponible sur: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04457.x
24. Brecelj J. Visual electrophysiology in the clinical evaluation of optic neuritis, chiasmal tumours, achiasmia, and ocular albinism: an overview. Doc Ophthalmol Internet. oct 2014 cité 18 mai 2025;129(2):71‑84. Disponible sur: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10633-014-9448-8
25. Abouaf L, Vighetto A, Lebas M. Neuro-ophthalmologic exploration in non-functioning pituitary adenoma. Ann Endocrinol Internet. juill 2015 cité 2 mai 2025;76(3):210‑9. Disponible sur: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003426615000992
26. Lee J, Kim SW, Kim DW, Shin JY, Choi M, Oh MC, et al. Predictive model for recovery of visual field after surgery of pituitary adenoma. J Neurooncol Internet. oct 2016 cité 5 mai 2025;130(1):155‑64. Disponible sur: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11060-016-2227-5
