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Abstract
RÉSUMÉ
L'insuffisance surrénale aiguë (ISA) est une urgence endocrinologique potentiellement mortelle dont le diagnostic est fréquemment retardé en raison du caractère non spécifique des symptômes. Sa coexistence avec une hyperthyroïdie — en particulier avec la maladie de Basedow — constitue une entité clinique rare, dont la physiopathologie croisée complexifie considérablement l'orientation diagnostique, notamment en milieu à ressources limitées. Nous rapportons le cas d'une femme de 40 ans, sans antécédent médical connu, admise au CHU de Brazzaville (République du Congo) pour des malaises posturaux récurrents associant étourdissements, syncopes et tremblements des extrémités. L'examen clinique a révélé une mélanodermie, une hypotension orthostatique sévère (chute tensionnelle de 35/20 mmHg), une exophtalmie bilatérale et une tachycardie sinusale à 106 bpm. Le bilan biologique confirmait une ISA primaire (cortisolémie effondrée à < 3 µg/dL, ACTH élevée à 154 pg/mL, hyponatrémie à 128 mmol/L, hyperkaliémie à 5,8 mEq/L) associée à une thyrotoxicose sévère (FT4 à 70 pmol/L, TSH < 0,01 mUI/L). La positivité des anticorps anti-récepteurs de la TSH (TRAK) a permis de retenir le diagnostic de maladie de Basedow. La prise en charge a associé l'administration d'hydrocortisone intraveineuse, la correction des troubles hydroélectrolytiques, l'introduction d'antithyroïdiens de synthèse et de propranolol. L'évolution a été favorable avec normalisation tensionnelle et électrolytique en 72 heures. Ce cas illustre la nécessité de rechercher systématiquement une insuffisance surrénale devant toute hypotension orthostatique inexpliquée, y compris en présence d'une pathologie thyroïdienne concomitante pouvant égarer le clinicien. Il souligne l'importance d'une démarche diagnostique structurée et d'une prise en charge multidisciplinaire rapide dans les contextes à ressources limitées.
ABSTRACT
Acute adrenal insufficiency (AAI) is a potentially life-threatening endocrine emergency whose diagnosis is frequently delayed due to the non-specific nature of its symptoms. Its co-occurrence with hyperthyroidism — in particular Graves' disease — represents a rare clinical entity whose complex cross-pathophysiology substantially complicates diagnostic orientation, especially in resource-limited settings. We report the case of a 40-year-old woman with no known medical history, admitted to Brazzaville University Hospital (Republic of Congo) for recurrent postural malaise combining dizziness, syncope and fine tremors. Clinical examination revealed melanodermia, severe orthostatic hypotension (blood pressure drop of 35/20 mmHg), bilateral exophthalmos and sinus tachycardia at 106 bpm. Laboratory investigations confirmed primary AAI (morning cortisol < 3 µg/dL, ACTH 154 pg/mL, sodium 128 mmol/L, potassium 5.8 mEq/L) associated with severe thyrotoxicosis (FT4 70 pmol/L, TSH < 0.01 mIU/L). Positive TSH-receptor antibodies (TRAK) confirmed the diagnosis of Graves' disease. Management included intravenous hydrocortisone, electrolyte correction, antithyroid drugs and propranolol. Evolution was favourable, with blood pressure and electrolyte normalisation within 72 hours. This case highlights the need to systematically consider adrenal insufficiency in any unexplained orthostatic hypotension, even in the presence of a concomitant thyroid disorder that may mislead the clinician. It underscores the importance of a structured diagnostic approach and rapid multidisciplinary management in resource-limited settings.
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References
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- 3- Magkas N, Tsioufis C, Dilaveris P and al. Orthostatic hypotension : from pathophysiopathology to clinical applications and therapeutic considerations. Journ Clin Hypert. 2019 ; 21(5)
- 4- Husebye ES. Pearce SH, Krone NP,Kämpe O. Adrenal insufficiency. The Lancet. 2021 ; 397(10274) : 613-29.
- 5- Ntyonga- Pono MP. L’insuffisance surrénalienne chronique : une cause sous-estimée de fatigue chronique. Pan African Medical Journal 2018 ; 29 : 93
- 6- Mofokeng T RP Beshyah SA, Ross I L. Characteristics and challenges of primary adrenal insuficiency in Africa Int j Endocrinol 2022 ; 8907864 :1-10.
- 7- Øksne M,Husebye E. Approach to the patient : diagnostic of primary adrenal insufficiency in adults. 2024 ; 109(1) : 269-78.
- 8- Papierska L, Rabijewski M. Delay in diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency is a frequent cause of adrenal crisis. Internal j Endocrinol. 2013 : 1-5.
- 9- Mofokeng T RP, Beshyah SA, Mahomed F, Ndlovu KCZ, Ross IL. Significant Barriers to Diagnosis and management of adrenal insufficiency in Africa. Bioscientifica j endocrin connect 2020 : 1-33.
- 10- Nawaz M and Syed A. Co-presentation of Graves’ disease and Addison disease with addisonian crisis. Endocrine abstract. 2025 ; 113.
- 11- Lewandoski KC, Marcinkowska M, Skowronska Jozwiak E and al. New onset Grave’s as a cause of an adrenal crisis in an individual with panhypopitiutarism : brief report.Thyro¨d research, 2008 ; 19 : 1-7.
- 12- Bornstein SR. Allolio B, Arlt W and al. Diagnosis and treatment of primary adrenal insufficiency : An endocrin society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endoclinol Metabol 2016 ; 101 : 364-89.
- 13- Michelle D, Lundholm, Jayachidambaram A, Pratiba PR. Primary adrenal insufficiency in adults : When to suspect, how to diagnose and manage. Cleveland clinic journal of Medicine .2024 ; 9: 553-62.
- 14- Chua A, Yoeli H, Till D and al ; Factors influencing self management of adrenal crisis in patients with adrenal insufficiency : a qualitative study. Endocrine connections. 2025 ; 14(5) :e240651.
References
1- Tyberghein M, Philips JC, Krzesinski JM, Scheen AJ. L’hypotension orthostatique : 1ère partie. Définition, symptomatologie, évaluation et physiopathologie. Rev Med Liège 2013 ; 68(2) : 65-73.
2- John W. E, Cian P C, Rosa MB and al. 2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension : developped by the task force on the management of the elevated blood pressure and hypertension of the European society of cardiology(ESC) and endorsed by the European society of Endocrinology(ESE) and the European Stroke Organisation. Eur Heart J, 2024 ; 45 : 3974
3- Magkas N, Tsioufis C, Dilaveris P and al. Orthostatic hypotension : from pathophysiopathology to clinical applications and therapeutic considerations. Journ Clin Hypert. 2019 ; 21(5)
4- Husebye ES. Pearce SH, Krone NP,Kämpe O. Adrenal insufficiency. The Lancet. 2021 ; 397(10274) : 613-29.
5- Ntyonga- Pono MP. L’insuffisance surrénalienne chronique : une cause sous-estimée de fatigue chronique. Pan African Medical Journal 2018 ; 29 : 93
6- Mofokeng T RP Beshyah SA, Ross I L. Characteristics and challenges of primary adrenal insuficiency in Africa Int j Endocrinol 2022 ; 8907864 :1-10.
7- Øksne M,Husebye E. Approach to the patient : diagnostic of primary adrenal insufficiency in adults. 2024 ; 109(1) : 269-78.
8- Papierska L, Rabijewski M. Delay in diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency is a frequent cause of adrenal crisis. Internal j Endocrinol. 2013 : 1-5.
9- Mofokeng T RP, Beshyah SA, Mahomed F, Ndlovu KCZ, Ross IL. Significant Barriers to Diagnosis and management of adrenal insufficiency in Africa. Bioscientifica j endocrin connect 2020 : 1-33.
10- Nawaz M and Syed A. Co-presentation of Graves’ disease and Addison disease with addisonian crisis. Endocrine abstract. 2025 ; 113.
11- Lewandoski KC, Marcinkowska M, Skowronska Jozwiak E and al. New onset Grave’s as a cause of an adrenal crisis in an individual with panhypopitiutarism : brief report.Thyro¨d research, 2008 ; 19 : 1-7.
12- Bornstein SR. Allolio B, Arlt W and al. Diagnosis and treatment of primary adrenal insufficiency : An endocrin society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endoclinol Metabol 2016 ; 101 : 364-89.
13- Michelle D, Lundholm, Jayachidambaram A, Pratiba PR. Primary adrenal insufficiency in adults : When to suspect, how to diagnose and manage. Cleveland clinic journal of Medicine .2024 ; 9: 553-62.
14- Chua A, Yoeli H, Till D and al ; Factors influencing self management of adrenal crisis in patients with adrenal insufficiency : a qualitative study. Endocrine connections. 2025 ; 14(5) :e240651.
