Published: 25 January 2026

Please, Download the Front Cover Page Here, HSD VOl 27, 2, Feb 2026

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18207128

Please, Download the Full Contents Page Here. Health Sci. Dis: Vol 27; (2), February 2026
Veuillez télécharger le sommaire du journal ici. Health Sci. Dis: Vol 27; (2), February 2026

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18211750

A Few Facts About Your Journal. Health Sci. Dis: Vol 27 ; (2), February 2026
A Propos de Health Sciences and Disease. Health Sci. Dis: Vol 27 ; (2), February 2026

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18211872

Psychosocial Well-being and Associated Determinants Among School-Going Adolescents in Yaoundé, Cameroon: A Cross-Sectional Study
Évaluation du Bien-Être Psychosocial et de ses Déterminants chez les Adolescents Scolarisés à Yaoundé, Cameroun : Une Étude Transversale

Meguieze Claude-Audrey, Sibetcheu Aurélie, Eboutou Ivan, Adama Stéphanie, Koutama Alix, Zomene Franck, Nseme Éric, Koki Ndombo Paul

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18212134

Determinants of Adverse Drug Reaction Underreporting Among Healthcare Workers at a Tertiary Hospital in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo
Déterminants de la Sous-Notification des Effets Indésirables Médicamenteux par le Personnel de Santé dans un Hôpital Universitaire de l’Est de la République Démocratique du Congo

Iragiligenda Kasigwa Betty, Mashako Ruhanga Many, Mutubuki Herbert, Mashako Katonda Yves, Bitwe Mihanda Richard

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18214546

Impact of Targeted Clinical Audit on the Quality of Oncological CT Scan Reports in Yaoundé: A Before-and-After Interventional Study
Impact d'un Audit Clinique Ciblé sur la Conformité des Comptes Rendus de Tomodensitométrie Oncologique à Yaoundé : Une Étude Interventionnelle Avant-Après

Mbede Maggy, Mbono Edoa Doriane Murielle, Abo’o Melom Adèle Tatiana, Esson Mapoko Berthe Sabine, Ongolo Zogo Pierre

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18348821

Head-to-Head Comparison of Two HIV Immunoassays in Cameroon: Concordance and Discordance Analysis Between Alinity i and VIDAS HIV Duo
Comparaison de deux Immunodosages pour le Diagnostic du VIH au Cameroun : Concordance et Analyse des Discordances entre Alinity i et VIDAS HIV Duo

Mbouyap Pretty Rosereine, Nkemdiffo Zontsop Etienne, Ngono Laure, Njike Cathy, Ngueke Kelly, Kokola Samuel, Epote Annie, Belinga Suzanne, Mbopi-Keou François-xavier

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18212457

Prevalence and Determinants of HIV Infection Among Patients Attending a Dermatology-Venereology Clinic in Bouake, Côte d’Ivoire: A Cross-Sectional Study
Prévalence et Déterminants de l’Infection à VIH chez les Patients Consultant en Dermatologie-Vénérologie à Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire : Une Étude Transversale

Kouabenan AS Anderson, Gué Irénée, Oussou M Armel, Sulé M Akanbi, N’guessan K Wilfried, Touré S Valentin, Kouassi JC Kpangui, Diabaté Almamy, Vagamon Bamba

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18212984

HIV-Related Morbidity and Mortality in Conakry, Guinea: Prognostic Factors in a Hospital Cohort of 1861 Patients
Morbidité et Mortalité liées au VIH à Conakry, Guinée : Facteurs Pronostiques Dans une Cohorte Hospitalière de 1861 Patients

Keita Aly Badra, Mamadi Saran Condé, Doukouré Mohamed, Kourouma Lancine, Doumbouya Mohamed Marie, Camara Toumin, Sako Fode Bangaly

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18213683

Prevalence and Factors Associated with HBsAg Positivity Among Blood Donors in Coyah, Guinea: A Cross-Sectional Study
Prévalence et Facteurs Associés à la Positivité de l’Antigène HBs chez les Donneurs de Sang à Coyah, Guinée : une Étude Transversale

Ansoumane Oulare, Ibrahima Sayon Cissé, Saran Camara, Tanou Valdez Bah, Mariama Bangoura, Kadiata Condé, Baba Kallé, Sekou Amadou sekou Camara, Mamady Diakité

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18213895

Epidemioclinical and Histological Profile of Solid Childhood Cancers in Niamey: A Retrospective, Two-Center Study of 152 Cases
Profil Histologique et Épidémioclinique des Cancers Solides de l’Enfant à Niamey : Une Étude Rétrospective Bicentrique de 152 Cas

Aïchatou Balaraba Abani Bako, Boubacar Efared, Malika Soumaila Amadou Aboubacar, Aichatou Mahamadou, Habiba Salifou Boureima, Idrissa Boubacar, Habibou Abarchi, Hassan Nouhou

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18215505

Endoscopy-Histology Correlation in Chronic Gastritis in Niger: A Two-Year Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study
Corrélation Endoscopie-Histologie dans la Gastrite Chronique au Niger : Une Étude Transversale Rétrospective sur Deux Ans

Aïchatou Balaraba Abani Bako, Hadja Zarra El Hadj Lamine, Habiba Salifou Boureima, Boubacar Efared, Idrissa Boubacar, Safiatou Moussa Amadou, Mamane Daou, Hassan Nouhou

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18220645

Differentiated Thyroid Cancer in Cameroon: Follow-Up of Patients After Total Thyroidectomy Without Available Radioactive Iodine and Scintigraphy
Cancer Différencié de la Thyroïde au Cameroun : Suivi des Patients après Thyroïdectomie Totale en l’Absence d’Iode Radioactif et de Scintigraphie

Andjock Nkouo Yves Christian, Ndam Ngambou Sandra, Bola Siafa Antoine4, Soua Franck Lionel, Takos Justine Donald, Mindja Eko David, Djomou Francois, Njock Richard, Ndjolo Alexis

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18221229

Profile of Sensitization to Dust Mites, Mold, Pollen, Cockroaches and Pet Dander in Chronic Rhinitis in Yaoundé: A Cross-Sectional Study of 51 Patients
Profil de la Sensibilisation aux Acariens, Moisissures, Pollen, Cafards et Phanères d’Animaux Domestiques dans la Rhinite Chronique à Yaoundé : Une Étude Transversale de 51 Patients

Atanga Léonel Christophe, Alime Jacqueline Judith, Ngo Nyéki Adèle Rose, Mossus Yannick, Meva’a Biouélé Roger Christian, Djomou Francois, Njock Richard

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18219009

Craniofacial and Cervical Trauma in the Emergency Department in Ebolowa: Epidemiology, Injury Characteristics and Management
Traumatismes Cranio-Faciaux et Cervicaux aux Urgences à Ebolowa: Caractéristiques Épidémiologiques, Lésionnelles et Prise en Charge

Mboua Ndenga VJ, Bisay SUB, N’djeudjui C, Etouundi BS, Nanci TE, Messakop MY, Atangana EHN, Bilo’o MLL, Chimi CN, Ngouane AD, Edzimbi A, Nkoudou D, Binam BCE, Melleu V, Ekono Michel, Bengono Bengono RS

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18282725

Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma: Diagnostic Challenges and Surgical Management of Two Cases in Dakar, Senegal
Angiofibrome Nasopharyngé Juvénile : Défis Diagnostiques et Prise en Charge Chirurgicale de Deux Cas à Dakar, Sénégal

Mbaye Aminata, Gning Ousmane, Thiam Ndeye Fatou, Dieme Marie-José, Ahmed Houra, Pilor Ndongo, Simbia Aklesso Elie, Ndiaye Ciré, Tall Adourahmane, Tall Adourahmane

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18349839

Functional Outcomes of Senile Cataract Surgery in Yaounde
Résultats Fonctionnels de la Chirurgie de la Cataracte Sénile à Yaoundé

Nomo AF, Nyouma PJ, Nanfack C, Mvilongo TC, Hassan A, Akono ZM, Mare Njoya J, Djiogo D, Koki G, Omgbwa EA

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18299586

Manual Small-Incision Cataract Surgery in Abengourou, Côte d'Ivoire: A Retrospective Assessment of Visual Outcomes and Complications
La Chirurgie de la Cataracte par Petite Incision Manuelle à Abengourou, Côte d'Ivoire : Une Évaluation Rétrospective des Résultats Visuels et des Complications

Diabaté Z, Bilé PEFK, Assemian LA, Koffi KAP, Koffi KFH, Godé LE, Babayeju RLO, Ouattara Y

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18300052

Severity of Visual Field Deficits in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma at the Time of Diagnosis in Adults in Yaounde
Sévérité des Déficits du Champ Visuel dans le Glaucome Primitif à Angle Ouvert au Moment du Diagnostic chez l’Adulte à Yaoundé

Nanfack Ngoune Chantal, Nyatchou Ariel, Tiotsia Jk, Nomo Arlette francine, Malla Gladys, Kamguia Laure, Bilong Yannick, Omgbwa Eballe andre, Bella Assumpta Lucienne

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18300596

Intraocular Tumors Simulating Refractory Glaucoma: A Brief Review of the Literature
Tumeurs Intraoculaires Simulant un Glaucome Réfractaire : Une Brève Revue de la Littérature

Kuiate David, Nana Yasmine Laurie, Billong Yannick

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18317812

Impact of Community Awareness on the Prevention of Eye Injuries in the Population Living in Gabon

Assoumou.PA, Kapinga Bulanda.F, Mekina.S, Kougou Ntoutoume.A, Nyinko Aboughe.H, Matsanga.O, Mouinga Abayi.DA, Mba Aki.TA

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18301226

Epidemioclinical Features, Management, and Visual Outcomes of Oculomotor Palsy in Libreville
Profil Épidémiologique, Clinique et Thérapeutique des Paralysies Oculomotrices et Devenir Visuel à Libreville

Matsanga OR, Mouinga Abayi AD, Mba Aki T

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18337404

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Sterilization in Dental Units in Yaoundé, Cameroon
Connaissances, Attitudes et Pratiques en Matière de Stérilisation dans les Cabinets Dentaires à Yaoundé, au Cameroun

Mossus Tatiana, Ngoulma René, Nibeye Yannick, Essi Marie-José, Kamgno Joseph, Bengondo Charles

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18302810

Oral Diseases and Hygiene Practices among Patients at the Edéa Regional Hospital, Cameroon: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study
Pathologies Bucco-Dentaires et Pratiques d’Hygiène chez les Patients de l’Hôpital Régional d’Edéa, Cameroun : Une Étude Transversale

Bekale Martha-Ruth Jessica, Abdoulnassir Amadou, Jeannot Emilien, Carrara Verena I

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18303137

Mandibular Fractures in Yaounde, Cameroon: Comparison of Maxillomandibular Fixation Techniques Using Arch Bars with Ligatures Versus Ligatures Alone
Fractures Mandibulaires à Yaoundé, Cameroun : Comparaison des Techniques de Blocage Maxillo-Mandibulaire entre Arcs avec Ligatures et Ligatures Seules

Kwedi Karl Guy Grégoire, Tamoh Fokam Stive, Edouma Bohimbo Jacques Gérard, M’fa Sandy Keith Elpidio Akouete, Essama Eno Belinga Lawrence, Bengondo Messanga Charles

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18228513

Prevalence of Hbs Antigen among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinics in Maradi City, Niger
Prévalence de l’Antigène Hbs chez les Femmes Enceintes en Consultation Prénatale à Maradi-Ville, Niger

Amadou Oumarou, Harouna Mahaman Laouali, Moussa Saley Sahada, Alkassoum Salifou Ibrahim

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18304858

Labour Induction and Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes: Multicentre Observational Study in Yaoundé, 2024

Véronique Sophie Mboua Batoum, Ngo Dingom Madie, Nga Awono Florence Carole, Christiane Nsahlaï, Serge Nyada, Tompeen Isidore, Pascale Mpono, Annick Junie Metogo Ntsama, Esther Meka Ngo Um

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18304608

Postpartum Hemorrhage in Southern Cameroon: Epidemiological, Clinical, Therapeutic, and Prognostic Features
Hémorragie Postpartum dans le Sud du Cameroun : Caractéristiques Épidémiologiques, Cliniques, Thérapeutiques et Pronostiques

Messakop Moayeth Yannick, Bilo’o Leslie Lydienne, Mboua Ndenga Veronique, Bisay Souhe Ulrich, Njemba Medou Jean Marc, Aboui Flaure, Djegodi Pitrous, Atangana Ekobo Huguette, Bengono Rody3, Foumane Pascal, Ekono Guy Michel

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18309974

Perinatal and Maternal Outcomes in Sickle Cell Anemia – A Three Case Report
Pronostic Maternel et Périnatal dans la Drépanocytose : À Propos de Trois Cas

Christiane Jivir Fomu Nsahlai, Mendoua Michèle Florence, Mpono Emenguele Pascale, Nyada Serge Robert, Mboua Batoum Veronique Sophie, Ngono Akam Marga Vanina, Tompeen Isidore, Ebong Cliford Ebontane, Mboudou Emile

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18310230

Diagnostic Yield of Blind Abrams Needle Pleural Biopsy for Exudative Pleural Effusions in Libreville, Gabon
Rendement Diagnostique de la Biopsie Pleurale Aveugle à l'Aiguille d'Abrams Pour les Pleurésies Exsudatives à Libreville, Gabon.

Ulrich Davy Kombila, Linda Danielle Ibinga, Jessica Shérryl Bouanga Makaya, Nicole Bivigou, Price Léhonnore Andjuma Mindze, Andjuma Mindze, Séphora Tsioukaka, Jean Bruno Boguikouma

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18311490

Atypical Surgical Management of Descending Necrotizing Mediastinitis in a Resource-Limited Country
Prise en Charge Chirurgicale Atypique d'une Médiastinite Nécrosante Descendante dans un Pays aux Ressources Limitées

Arroye Betou FS, Ngo Nyeki AR, Ela Bela A, Mbele RII, Kobe Fokalbo Z, Ngo Yon L, Mve Mvondo C, Banga D, Bang GA, Njock LR

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18312990

Human Errors Affecting Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test Performance in a Primary Healthcare Facility in Cameroon: Implications for Quality of Care and Malaria Control
Erreurs Humaines Affectant la Performance des Tests de Diagnostic Rapide du Paludisme dans une Formation Sanitaire de Premier Recours au Cameroun : Implications pour la Qualité des Soins et la Lutte Contre le Paludisme

Yap Boum, Hiala Wala, Baiye William Abange, Esther Voundi Voundi, Linda Esso, Hortense Gonsu

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18336359

Identification of Rare Yeasts by Gene Sequencing in Patients with Lower Respiratory Infections in Yaoundé, Cameroon: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study
Identification de Levures Rares par Séquençage Génétique chez des Patients Atteints d’Infections Respiratoires Basses à Yaoundé, Cameroun : Une Étude Transversale Prospective

Ngando Laure, Kabtani Jihane, Thuault perrine, Ngo Balogog, Moudoute Matio, Tafen Kami, Itok Yves, Fomekong Arlette, Ongolo Rene, Nlepe Franckelle, Ngonganmakeg Madiba, Amina Nguilandi, Bissila Sonia, Etoundi Astride, Gonsu Hortense, Nkoa Thérèse, Sevestre Jacques, Same Ekobo, Ranque stephane

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18313696

Development of a Predictive Model for the Progression of Inflammatory Markers According to the Stages of Kidney Disease in Cameroonian Patients
Développement d'un Modèle Prédictif pour la Progression des Marqueurs Inflammatoires Selon les Stades de la Maladie Rénale chez des Patients Camerounais

Elimby Ngande Lionel Patrick Joel, Nguea Ndjame Arlette, Fouda Menye Epouse Ebana Hermine Danielle

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18315555

Factors Associated with Infection-Related Complications of Vascular Access in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients in Douala
Facteurs Associés aux Complications Infectieuses Liées à l’Accès Vasculaire chez les Patients en Hémodialyse Chronique à Douala

Elimby Ngande Lionel Patrick Joel, Nguea Ndjame Arlette, Fouda Hermine

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18283060

Paediatric Gastrointestinal Surgical Pathologies in Cameroon: Prevalence, Clinical Patterns, and Outcomes in Three Referral Hospitals
Paediatric gastrointestinal surgical pathologies in Cameroon

Ekani Boukar Mahamat, Nwandum P, Mokake D, Djike Yolande, Mbelle R, Ousmana O, Savom Eric, Ngwane A, Bang Guy Aristide, Chichom M, Ngowe Ngowe Marcellin, Essomba A

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18316063

Knowledge of Radiographers Regarding Patient Radiation Protection in Selected Hospital Facilities of Yaounde
Connaissances des Manipulateurs en Matière de Radioprotection des Patients dans Quelques Structures Hospitalières de Yaoundé

Nko’o Amvene Michael Robert Cédric, Belobo Eyebe Anne Marie Grace, Eng Yann Chris Mannel, Ze Ngbwa Mimi Flore, Nga Ndzodo Y, Ankone Zie Haniel, Mballa Amougou Jean-Claude, , Nko’o Amvene Samuel

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18222115

Indications and Analysis of Osteosynthesis for Extra-Articular Ruptures of the Pelvic Ring in Abidjan
Indications et Analyse de l’Ostéosynthèse des Ruptures Extra-Articulaires de l’Anneau Pelvien à Abidjan

Sainy Kouakou Stéphane Dorgelès, Traore Moctar, Yepie Armand Gildas, Kouakou Bouassa Davy Melaine, Kaloga Hamala Sekou, Kouame Kouakou Maurice, Anoumou N’Guessan Michel

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18317129

Rheumatic Valve Disease in Children and Young Adults in Yaoundé: Diagnostic Profile and Impact of Surgical Delay on Prognosis
Valvulopathies Rhumatismales chez l’Enfant et l’Adulte Jeune à Yaoundé : Profil Diagnostique et Impact du Retard Chirurgical sur le Pronostic

Tony Nengom Jocelyn, Madjilé Baba L, Nganou Chris N, Boombhi J, Chelo D, Menanga A

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18291153

Etiological Profile and Prognostic Factors of Traumatic Arterial Injuries in Young Adults in Yaoundé: A Cross-Sectional Study of 88 Cases
Profil Étiologique et Facteurs Pronostiques des Plaies Artérielles Traumatiques chez l'Adulte Jeune à Yaoundé : Une Étude Transversale de 88 Patients

Biwolé D, Fokou M, Ekani B, Mbele R, Savom E.P, Arroye F, Ella A, Ngo Yon L, Kobe Z, Sak V, Bang G.A

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18353341

Please, Download the Instructions to Authors Here, and Read Carefully Before Submitting. Health Sci. Dis: Vol 27 ; (2), February 2026

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Pr Esther Juliette Ngo Um épouse Meka

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Pr Samuel Nko'o Amvene

Editor in Chief

Pr Alfred K. Njamnshi

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Deputy Editor-in-Chief

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Scope - Editorial Policies

AIMS AND SCOPE
Health Sciences and Disease, is an open source, peer reviewed medical journal that covers all aspects of medicine, pharmacy, biomedical and health sciences, including public health and societal issues. It is an “online first” publication, which means that all the publications articles appear on the website before being included in the print journal. The papers are published in full on the website, with open access. Our vision is to be the leader medical journal in our region. Our mission is to inform and educate all the health professionals and to promote constructive debate on health issues that matter in the management not only of diseases but of health as a whole.
Health Sciences and Disease is the official publication of the Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of the University of Yaoundé I. Its team is based in Yaounde (Cameroon).
Acceptance of manuscripts is based on the originality, the quality of the work and validity of the evidence, the clarity of presentation, and the relevance to our readership. Publications are expected to be concise, well organized and clearly written. Authors submit a manuscript with the understanding that the manuscript (or its essential substance) has not been published other than as an abstract in any language or format and is not currently submitted elsewhere for print or electronic publication.

JOURNAL FACTS
Publisher
Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaounde I.

Indexing
HSD is indexed by Google Scholar, DOAJ, ROAD, JournalTOCs, African Index Medicus (WHO), Afri-Fek, Zenodo/OpenAire.
As an institutional publication of the Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of the University of Yaounde I, Health Sciences and Disease is accredited by the Conseil Africain et Malgache pour l’Enseignement Supérieur (CAMES) (N° 220)

Health Sciences and Disease home page: http://hsd-fmsb.org

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hsdeditor3@gmail.com. / nkooamvenes@gmail.com
Health Sciences and Disease
Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
PO Box 1364, Yaoundé Cameroon.

ISSN (print): 1684-2782 / EISSN (online) : 2309-6535

MANUSCRIPT SUBMISSIONS
The preferred way for submission is the online submission. Please, refer to the instructions to authors and to the Health Sciences and Disease home page: http://hsd-fmsb.org. Otherwise, manuscripts can be addressed to nkooamvenes@gmail.com.

LANGUAGES OF SUBMISSIONS
English, French

EDITORIAL POLICIES
Ethics
HSD’s Policy Committee follows the recommendations of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME), and the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) for guidance on policies and procedures related to publication ethics. The policies for HRA have been adapted from those three advisory bodies and, where necessary, modified and tailored to meet the specific content, audiences, and aims of HSD.
Peer review process
Research manuscripts are initially checked by the editor in chief or section editor for identification of gross deficiencies. At this stage, the proposal may be rejected. After this initial screening, articles are sent to one or two-reviewers whose names are hidden from the author and whose review is guided by a checklist (single anonymized review). The review summary is signed by the reviewer and is not posted with article. The review process may take days to weeks to reach a final decision that is the responsibility of the editor in chief. The duration from submission to publication may take one to six months (average: 6 months). So, the authors should avoid contacting the editorial office less than 6 weeks after the initial submission.
Plagiarism, scientific misconduct
Manuscripts are randomly checked for plagiarism with available free tools. Those proven of plagiarism are returned to the authors without peer review. The editors reserve the right to request that the authors provide additional data collected during their investigations. The editors also reserve the right to send a copy of the manuscript and data in question to the author’s dean, university, or supervisor or, in the case of an investigation being funded by an agency, to that funding agency for appreciation.
Conflict of interest
At the time of submission, authors are asked to disclose whether they have any financial interests or connections, direct or indirect, or other situations that may influence directly or indirectly the work submitted for consideration.
Human and animal studies
Manuscripts reporting results of prospective or retrospective studies involving human subjects must document that appropriate institutional review board (IRB) approval and informed consent were obtained (or waived by the IRB) after the nature of the procedure(s) had been fully explained. In any case, medical research involving human subjects should comply with the Declaration of Helsinki (2013).
Authorship
To be listed as an author, an individual must have made substantial contributions to all three categories established by the ICMJE (http://www.icmje.org): (a) “conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data,” (b) “drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content,” and (c) “final approval of the version to be published.” Individuals who have not made substantial contributions in all three categories but who have made substantial contributions either to some of them or in other areas should be listed in acknowledgments.
Please limit the number of authors to ten when this is feasible.
Content licensing - Open access compliance
Since 2013 , articles published in HSD are Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher, provided the original work is properly cited.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)–Assisted Technology
At submission, the authors should disclose whether they used artiﬁcial intelligence (AI)–assisted technologies in the production of the publication and how AI was used. However, authors should not list AI and AI-assisted technologies as an author or co-author, nor cite AI as an author.
ARTICLE PROCESSING CHARGES (APC)
Article submission is free of charges, but if your paper is accepted for publication, you will be asked to pay article processing charges to cover publications costs, depending on the type, complexity and length of the work, and on the number of authors
FAST TRACK
Inquiries about fast track, manuscript status and preparation, as well as letters to the editor, should be directed to:
Nko’o Amvene Samuel
Editor-in-Chief, Health Sciences and Disease
Email: nkooamvenes@gmail.com

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• Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
• Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
• Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.

Cover Page

In This Issue

About Health Sciences and Disease

Research Articles

Infectiology

Pathology

ENT and Maxillofacial Surgery

Ophthalmology

Orodental Medicine

Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine

Chest

Laboratory Medicine

Urology /Nephrology

Medicine and Surgery in the Tropics

Instructions to authors