Physical Integrity and Bioefficacy of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets Against Resistant Anopheles Gambiae s.l. at Ebolowa (Cameroon)
Intégrité Physique et Efficacité Biologique des Moustiquaires Imprégnées d'Insecticide de Longue Durée Contre la Population Résistante d’Anopheles Gambiae s.l. à Ebolowa (Cameroun)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/hra.v2i6.5734Keywords:
Physical integrity, biological effectiveness, LLINs, EbolowaAbstract
ABSTRACT
Introduction. Cameroon massively distributed long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) between 2004 and 2015. In the Southern Region, 75% of households had access to at least one LLIN, compared with 54% who used them. Despite these efforts, the malaria prevalence rate among children under the age of 05 remained one of the highest (33%), just behind the East Region (35%). To understand the paradox between the high prevalence rate despite the high use of LLINs, the aim of this study was to assess the physical integrity and biological efficacy of LLINs used in households in Ebolowa.
Methods. Physical integrity was assessed by calculating the proportional hole index (pHI) of each net inspected according to WHO recommendations, using the formula: pHI = (n tr1) + (n tr2 × 23) + (n tr3 × 196) + (n tr4 × 576). The biological efficacy of LLINs was assessed by comparing the mortality rate of field mosquitoes with that of sensitive laboratory mosquitoes of the “kisumu” type exposed to used field LLINs on the one hand, and to new LLINs of the same brand on the other. Results. Assessment of physical integrity showed that: 72% was degraded; 20% acceptable and only 8% in good condition. In terms of biological efficacy, all the LLINs tested were effective only against the sensitive laboratory mosquito “kisumu”. PBO-based LLINs are more suitable for vector control in Ebolowa. Conclusion. The majority of LLINs used in Ebolowa households are degraded.They are effective only against laboratory-susceptible mosquitoes. Resistance mechanisms would explain the loss of effectiveness of LLINs against field mosquitoes.
RESUME
Introduction. Le Cameroun a massivement distribué des moustiquaires imprégnées d'insecticide à longue durée d'action (MIILDA) entre 2004 et 2015. Dans la Région du Sud, 75% des ménages ont pu disposer d'au moins une MILDA contre 54% qui en ont fait usage. Malgré ces efforts, le taux de prévalence du paludisme chez les enfants de moins de 05 ans y est resté l’un des plus élevé (33%) juste derrière la Région de l'Est (35%). Pour comprendre le paradoxe entre le taux élevé de prévalence malgré la forte utilisation des MILDA, l'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer l'intégrité physique et l'efficacité biologique des MILDA utilisées dans les ménages à Ebolowa. Méthodes. L'intégrité physique a été évaluée en calculant l'indice proportionné de trou (pHI) de chaque moustiquaire inspectée suivant les recommandations de l'OMS, selon la formule : pHI = (n tr1) + (n tr2 × 23) + (n tr3 × 196) + (n tr4 × 576). L'efficacité biologique des MILDA était évaluée en comparant le taux de mortalité des moustiques de terrain à celui des moustiques de laboratoire sensibles de type "kisumu" exposés aux MILDA usagées de terrain d’une part, et aux MILDA neuves de même marque, d’autres part. Résultats. L'évaluation de l'intégrité physique a montré que : 72% était dégradé ; 20% acceptable et seulement 8% en bon état. Pour l'efficacité biologique, toutes les MILDA testées étaient efficaces seulement contre les moustiques sensibles de laboratoire "kisumu". Les MILDA à base de PBO sont plus indiquées pour la lutte anti-vectorielle à Ebolowa. Conclusion. La majorité des MILDA utilisées dans les ménages à Ebolowa sont dégradées. Elles sont efficaces seulement contre les moustiques sensibles de laboratoire. Les mécanismes de résistance expliqueraient la perte d'efficacité des MILDA contre par les moustiques de terrain.
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Copyright (c) 2024 Salomon Francis Efa, Emmanuel Elanga-Ndille, Yacouba Poumachu, Billy Tene, Jacqueline Ze Mikande, Njoumémi Zakariaou, Tchoupo Micareme, Mandeng Stanislas , CS. Wondji, Cyrille Ndo
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