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ABSTRACT
Introduction. Sexual assault is a global health and legal challenge. Nowadays it does not only affect women and girls, but also men and boys of all ages with adverse physical and psycho-social consequences in the lives of the survivors. The aim of the study was to describe the circumstances surrounding occurrence of rape among survivors received in three referral hospitals in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Materials and Methods. This was a prospective descriptive study carried out over a period of 8 months among participants of all age groups visiting three 3 referral hospitals in Yaoundé. A questionnaire was used to collect participant’s data from medical records, and data collected was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. Results. During the study period, 127 cases of rape were recorded. The socio-demographic profile of survivors was mainly female (99.2%), with the mostly represented age ranged from 10 to 15 years (25.2%). Students (61.4%) were the most represented among survivors of sexual assault. Sexual assault usually occurred in the day (41%), at the victim’s or rapist’s home (39.4%) with verbal threats (27%) as the main constraint and the assaulter usually unknown (51.2%). Vaginal penetration was common in most cases (78%). Conclusion. Rape remains a prominent fact in our society, with children mainly affected. Understanding the circumstances that lead to the occurrence of rape is a step in prevention. Preventing rape involves raising public awareness.
RÉSUMÉ
Introduction. Les agressions sexuelles et le viol en particulier, représentent un problème medico-légal majeur. Leurs conséquences tant physique que psychosociale sont désastreuses. La prévention constitue un véritable challenge. Notre travaaill avait pour objectif de décrire les circonstances dans lesquelles sont survenues les agressions sexuelles chez les survivants pris en charge dans trois hôpitaux de référence de la ville de Yaoundé au Cameroun. Matériels et Méthodes. Une étude prospective et descriptive a été conduite pendant une période de huit mois dans trois hôpitaux de référence à Yaoundé. Un questionnaire a été utilisé pour collecter les données à partir des dossiers de patients admis pour agression sexuelle avec pénétration du vagin ou de l’anus (viol). les données obtenues ont été analysées à l’aide du logiciel SPSS version 23.0. Résultats. Pendant la période de l’étude, 127 cas de viol ont été reçus. Les femmes étaient les principales victimes (99,2%). La tranche d’âge la plus représentée était celle de 10 à 15 ans (25,2%). Les élèves représentaient 61,4% des survivants. Les agressions sexuelles survenaient principalement de jour (41%), au domicile du survivant ou de son agresseur (39,4%). Ces agressions étaient perpétrées le plus souvent en usant de menaces verbales (27%). L’agresseur était généralement connu de la victime (51,2%). La pénétration vaginale était la plus employée par les agresseurs (78%). Conclusion. Les enfants sont les principales victimes de viol. Comprendre les circonstances entourant les agressions sexuelles constitue une étape importante dans la mise en place de moyens de prévention.
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References
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- Menick DM. [Sexual abuse at schools in Cameroon: results of a survey-action program in Yaounde]. Med Trop Rev Corps Sante Colon. 2002;62(1):58–62.
- Foumane P, Dohbit JS, Monebenimp F, Natolga B, Meka ENU, Mboudou ET. Clinical Study of Rape against Females at the Yaoundé Gyneco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital, Cameroun. Adv Sex Med. 2014 Apr 4;4(2):11–6.
- Théra JP, Soumah M, Traoré T, Touré M, Traoré M, Sow ML. [Epidemiological, clinical and judicial aspects of sexual assault in Bamako (Mali)]. Sante Publique Vandoeuvre--Nancy Fr. 2014 Feb;26(1):123–9.
- Traore Y, Mounkoro N, Teguete I, Djire MY, Diallo A, Bagayogo M, et al. [Clinical and medico - legal aspects of sexual aggressions at Gabriel Toure teaching hospital]. Mali Med. 2010;25(3):27–30.
- Gaensslen RE, Lee HC. Sexual Assault Evidence: National Assessment and Guidebook: (528882006-001) [Internet]. American Psychological Association; 2001 [cited 2019 Dec 17]. Available from: http://doi.apa.org/get-pe-doi.cfm?doi=10.1037/e528882006-001
- M. Diallo M, Babacar B, Abdoul AD, Aminata N, Cyr EG, Codou S, et al. Epidemiological, Clinical Aspects and Treatment of Victims of Sexual Abuse in the Gynecology and Obstetrics department of Pikine National Hospital in 183 cases. Open J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;10:558–70.
- Adama-Hondégla AB, Aboubakari A-S, Fiagnon K, N’kamga-Tchocote AR, Akpadza K. [Epidemiological and clinical aspects of the management of sexual aggression among female victims in Lomé]. Afr J Reprod Health. 2013 Mar;17(1):67–72.
- Buambo-Bamanga SF, Oyere-Moke P, Gnekoumou AL, Nkihouabonga G. Sexual Violence in Brazzaville. Sante. 2005 Jan;15(1):31–5.
- Mbaye M, Gueye M, Ndiaye-Gueye null, Mame D, Dieng O, Niang MM, et al. [Sexual abuse in Ziguinchor, Senegal: epidemiology and management]. Tunis Med. 2013 Sep;91(8–9):499–504.
- Menick DM, Ngoh F. [Sexual abuse in children in Cameroon]. Med Trop Rev Corps Sante Colon. 1998;58(3):249–52.
- Adinew YM, Hagos MA. Sexual violence against female university students in Ethiopia. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2017;17(19).
- Mamadou Makhtar ML, Adama F, Issa W, Demba D. Study of the determinants of rape in minors in the Kolda region of Senegal. Sante Publique (Bucur). 2014 Jun;26(1):131–8.
- Faye Dieme ME, Traore AL, Gueye SMK, Moreira PM. Sexual abuse: epidemiological, clinical aspects and management at Gynaecological and Obstetrical Department of Dakar University Hospital. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2008 Jul;37(4):358–64.
- Ct C, Mm N, Ak S, Eh F, Jc M. [Epidemioclinical and legal aspects and cost management of sexual abuse among minors in Dakar, Senegal]. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2015 Feb 25;44(9):825–31.
- Facuri C de O, Fernandes AMDS, Oliveira KD, Andrade TDS, Azevedo RCS de. [Sexual violence: a descriptive study of rape victims and care in a university referral center in São Paulo State, Brazil]. Cad Saude Publica. 2013 May;29(5):889–98.
- Ngo Um Meka, E., Nembe Tendi, L., Essiben, F., Batoum, V., Ofakem, I., & Mbu Enow, R. (2020). Aspects Épidémiologiques, Cliniques et Thérapeutiques des Agressions Sexuelles chez les Enfants et Adolescentes à l’Hôpital Central de Yaoundé. HEALTH SCIENCES AND DISEASE, 21(2). Retrieved from http://www.hsd-fmsb.org/index.php/hsd/article/view/1835/1387
References
World Health Organization. Clinical management of rape survivors: developing protocols for use with refugees and internally displaced persons. [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004 [cited 2019 Nov 13]. Available from: http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/emergencies/924159263X/en/index.html
WHO | Sexual violence. WHO. [cited 2019 Jan 30]. Available from: http://www.who.int/entity/reproductivehealth/topics/violence/sexual_violence/en/index.html
Menick DM. [Sexual abuse at schools in Cameroon: results of a survey-action program in Yaounde]. Med Trop Rev Corps Sante Colon. 2002;62(1):58–62.
Foumane P, Dohbit JS, Monebenimp F, Natolga B, Meka ENU, Mboudou ET. Clinical Study of Rape against Females at the Yaoundé Gyneco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital, Cameroun. Adv Sex Med. 2014 Apr 4;4(2):11–6.
Théra JP, Soumah M, Traoré T, Touré M, Traoré M, Sow ML. [Epidemiological, clinical and judicial aspects of sexual assault in Bamako (Mali)]. Sante Publique Vandoeuvre--Nancy Fr. 2014 Feb;26(1):123–9.
Traore Y, Mounkoro N, Teguete I, Djire MY, Diallo A, Bagayogo M, et al. [Clinical and medico - legal aspects of sexual aggressions at Gabriel Toure teaching hospital]. Mali Med. 2010;25(3):27–30.
Gaensslen RE, Lee HC. Sexual Assault Evidence: National Assessment and Guidebook: (528882006-001) [Internet]. American Psychological Association; 2001 [cited 2019 Dec 17]. Available from: http://doi.apa.org/get-pe-doi.cfm?doi=10.1037/e528882006-001
M. Diallo M, Babacar B, Abdoul AD, Aminata N, Cyr EG, Codou S, et al. Epidemiological, Clinical Aspects and Treatment of Victims of Sexual Abuse in the Gynecology and Obstetrics department of Pikine National Hospital in 183 cases. Open J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;10:558–70.
Adama-Hondégla AB, Aboubakari A-S, Fiagnon K, N’kamga-Tchocote AR, Akpadza K. [Epidemiological and clinical aspects of the management of sexual aggression among female victims in Lomé]. Afr J Reprod Health. 2013 Mar;17(1):67–72.
Buambo-Bamanga SF, Oyere-Moke P, Gnekoumou AL, Nkihouabonga G. Sexual Violence in Brazzaville. Sante. 2005 Jan;15(1):31–5.
Mbaye M, Gueye M, Ndiaye-Gueye null, Mame D, Dieng O, Niang MM, et al. [Sexual abuse in Ziguinchor, Senegal: epidemiology and management]. Tunis Med. 2013 Sep;91(8–9):499–504.
Menick DM, Ngoh F. [Sexual abuse in children in Cameroon]. Med Trop Rev Corps Sante Colon. 1998;58(3):249–52.
Adinew YM, Hagos MA. Sexual violence against female university students in Ethiopia. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2017;17(19).
Mamadou Makhtar ML, Adama F, Issa W, Demba D. Study of the determinants of rape in minors in the Kolda region of Senegal. Sante Publique (Bucur). 2014 Jun;26(1):131–8.
Faye Dieme ME, Traore AL, Gueye SMK, Moreira PM. Sexual abuse: epidemiological, clinical aspects and management at Gynaecological and Obstetrical Department of Dakar University Hospital. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2008 Jul;37(4):358–64.
Ct C, Mm N, Ak S, Eh F, Jc M. [Epidemioclinical and legal aspects and cost management of sexual abuse among minors in Dakar, Senegal]. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2015 Feb 25;44(9):825–31.
Facuri C de O, Fernandes AMDS, Oliveira KD, Andrade TDS, Azevedo RCS de. [Sexual violence: a descriptive study of rape victims and care in a university referral center in São Paulo State, Brazil]. Cad Saude Publica. 2013 May;29(5):889–98.
Ngo Um Meka, E., Nembe Tendi, L., Essiben, F., Batoum, V., Ofakem, I., & Mbu Enow, R. (2020). Aspects Épidémiologiques, Cliniques et Thérapeutiques des Agressions Sexuelles chez les Enfants et Adolescentes à l’Hôpital Central de Yaoundé. HEALTH SCIENCES AND DISEASE, 21(2). Retrieved from http://www.hsd-fmsb.org/index.php/hsd/article/view/1835/1387