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Abstract
Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) may reveal immunosuppression from HIV infection. The authors report a case in an 11 year old girl who was referred from a health centre for progressive decreasing vision in the left eye. Examination of this eye revealed a blind eye from complicated panuveitis. She tested positive for HIV. Anti-retroviral therapy was started after a paediatric consult. Two weeks later, she developed ARN in the right eye. Response to systemic antiviral therapy was favourable. Bilateral blindness was prevented due to prompt and adequate treatment. We recommend routine HIV testing in all patients with uveitis.
RÉSUMÉ
La nécrose rétinienne aigue peut révéler une infection à VIH. Nous rapportons le cas d’une patiente de 11 ans, référée d’un centre de santé pour une meilleure prise en charge d’une baisse progressive de l’acuité visuelle à l’œil gauche. L’examen de cet œil a montré qu’il était aveugle des suites d’une panuvéite. La sérologie HIV demandée est revenue positive. Par la suite, l’enfant a été vue par un pédiatre qui l’a mise sous un traitement antirétroviral. Deux semaines plus tard, elle a développé des plages de nécrose rétinienne à l’œil droit. L’évolution sous traitement antiviral par voie générale a été favorable. Ceci a permis d’éviter la cécité bilatérale chez cet enfant. Nous recommandons la recherche systématique du VIH dans les uvéites.
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References
- Urayama A, Sasaki T, Nishiyama Y, et al. Unilateral acute uveitis with periarteritis and detachment. Japan J Ophthalmol. 1971:607-619.
- Holland G. Standard diagnostic criteria for the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Executive Committee of the American Uveitis Society. Am J Ophthalmol. 663-667.
- Culbertson WW, Blumenkranz MS, Haines H, Gass DM, Mitchell KB, Norton EW. The acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Part 2: Histopathology and etiology. Ophthalmology. 1982;89(12):1317-1325.
- Zierhut M, Thiel HJ, Weidle EG, Vallbracht A. [Acute necrotizing retinitis following varicella zoster virus infection]. Klin Monatsblätter Für Augenheilkd. 1989;194(1):52-58. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1046336.
- Culbertson WW, Blumenkranz MS, Pepose JS, Stewart JA, Curtin VT. Varicella zoster virus is a cause of the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1986;93(5):559-569.
- Nakanishi F, Takahashi H, Ohara K. Acute retinal necrosis following contralateral herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2000;44(5):561-564.
- Voros GM, Pandit R, Snow M, Griffiths PG. Unilateral recurrent acute retinal necrosis syndrome caused by cytomegalovirus in an immune-competent adult. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2006;16(3):484-486.
- Heidary G, Chaum E, Mukai S. Acute Retinal Necrosis in Children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47(13):5271-5271.
- Tam PM, Hooper CY, Lightman S. Antiviral selection in the management of acute retinal necrosis. Clin Ophthalmol Auckl NZ. 2010;4:11-20.
- Vandercam T, Hintzen RQ, de Boer JH, Van der Lelij A. Herpetic encephalitis is a risk factor for acute retinal necrosis. Neurology. 2008;71(16):1268-1274. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000327615.99124.99.
- Jalali S, Rao URK, Lakshmi V. Acute retinal necrosis syndrome in HIV - positive case: The first case reported from India. Indian J Ophthalmol. 1996;44(2):95.
- Batisse D, Eliaszewicz M, Zazoun L, Baudrimont M, Pialoux G, Dupont B. Acute retinal necrosis in the course of AIDS: study of 26 cases. AIDS Lond Engl. 1996;10(1):55-60.
- Chiquet C, Bodaghi B, Mougin C, Najioullah F. Acute retinal necrosis diagnosed in a child with chronic panuveitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Für Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 2006;244(9):1206-1208. doi:10.1007/s00417-005-0233-y.
- King J, Chung M, DiLoreto DA. A 9 year-old girl with herpes simplex virus type 2 acute retinal necrosis treated with intravitreal foscarnet. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2007;15(5):395-398. doi:10.1080/09273940701486431.
- Khurana RN, Charonis A, Samuel MA, Gupta A, Tawansy KA. Intravenous foscarnet in the management of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 2 in acute retinal necrosis in children. Med Sci Monit Int Med J Exp Clin Res. 2005;11(12):CS75-CS78.
- Grose C. Acute retinal necrosis caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 in children: reactivation of an undiagnosed latent neonatal herpes infection. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2012;19(3):115-118. doi:10.1016/j.spen.2012.02.005.
- Ebana Mvogo C, Ellong A, Bella AL, Luma H, Achu Joko H. [Ocular complications of HIV/AIDS in Cameroon: is there is any correlation with the level of CD4 lymphocytes count?]. Bull Société Belge Ophtalmol. 2007;(305):7-12.
References
Urayama A, Sasaki T, Nishiyama Y, et al. Unilateral acute uveitis with periarteritis and detachment. Japan J Ophthalmol. 1971:607-619.
Holland G. Standard diagnostic criteria for the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Executive Committee of the American Uveitis Society. Am J Ophthalmol. 663-667.
Culbertson WW, Blumenkranz MS, Haines H, Gass DM, Mitchell KB, Norton EW. The acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Part 2: Histopathology and etiology. Ophthalmology. 1982;89(12):1317-1325.
Zierhut M, Thiel HJ, Weidle EG, Vallbracht A. [Acute necrotizing retinitis following varicella zoster virus infection]. Klin Monatsblätter Für Augenheilkd. 1989;194(1):52-58. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1046336.
Culbertson WW, Blumenkranz MS, Pepose JS, Stewart JA, Curtin VT. Varicella zoster virus is a cause of the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1986;93(5):559-569.
Nakanishi F, Takahashi H, Ohara K. Acute retinal necrosis following contralateral herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2000;44(5):561-564.
Voros GM, Pandit R, Snow M, Griffiths PG. Unilateral recurrent acute retinal necrosis syndrome caused by cytomegalovirus in an immune-competent adult. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2006;16(3):484-486.
Heidary G, Chaum E, Mukai S. Acute Retinal Necrosis in Children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47(13):5271-5271.
Tam PM, Hooper CY, Lightman S. Antiviral selection in the management of acute retinal necrosis. Clin Ophthalmol Auckl NZ. 2010;4:11-20.
Vandercam T, Hintzen RQ, de Boer JH, Van der Lelij A. Herpetic encephalitis is a risk factor for acute retinal necrosis. Neurology. 2008;71(16):1268-1274. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000327615.99124.99.
Jalali S, Rao URK, Lakshmi V. Acute retinal necrosis syndrome in HIV - positive case: The first case reported from India. Indian J Ophthalmol. 1996;44(2):95.
Batisse D, Eliaszewicz M, Zazoun L, Baudrimont M, Pialoux G, Dupont B. Acute retinal necrosis in the course of AIDS: study of 26 cases. AIDS Lond Engl. 1996;10(1):55-60.
Chiquet C, Bodaghi B, Mougin C, Najioullah F. Acute retinal necrosis diagnosed in a child with chronic panuveitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Für Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 2006;244(9):1206-1208. doi:10.1007/s00417-005-0233-y.
King J, Chung M, DiLoreto DA. A 9 year-old girl with herpes simplex virus type 2 acute retinal necrosis treated with intravitreal foscarnet. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2007;15(5):395-398. doi:10.1080/09273940701486431.
Khurana RN, Charonis A, Samuel MA, Gupta A, Tawansy KA. Intravenous foscarnet in the management of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 2 in acute retinal necrosis in children. Med Sci Monit Int Med J Exp Clin Res. 2005;11(12):CS75-CS78.
Grose C. Acute retinal necrosis caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 in children: reactivation of an undiagnosed latent neonatal herpes infection. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2012;19(3):115-118. doi:10.1016/j.spen.2012.02.005.
Ebana Mvogo C, Ellong A, Bella AL, Luma H, Achu Joko H. [Ocular complications of HIV/AIDS in Cameroon: is there is any correlation with the level of CD4 lymphocytes count?]. Bull Société Belge Ophtalmol. 2007;(305):7-12.