Publisher
Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaounde I.

Managing editor
Ngo Um Esther Juliette épouse Meka, MD. FMBS/UY1

Editor in chief
Nko’o-Amvene Samuel, MD. University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon

Nko’o Amvene Samuel (NAS) is a physician, professor emeritus of clinical radiology and the current editor in chief of Health Sciences and Disease (HSD), the official academic journal of the Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of the University of Yaounde I. He earned his Doctorate in Medicine in 1980 from the University Center of Health Sciences( Centre Universitaire des Sciences de la Santé) of the University of Yaounde in Cameroon, a then innovative school of medicine sponsored by WHO and UNFD. He then completed his specialization in sports medicine and radiology in France (Dijon, Université de Bourgogne). He has been practicing clinical radiology in the Yaounde University Teaching Hospital since 1988 and held several high-level academic responsibilities, including Head of the Radiology Residency Program in the Faculty of Medicine of Yaounde for more nearly 30 years, Vice Dean in Charge of Academic Affairs and Coordinator General of the Residency Program in the same faculty. NAS also occupied high level administrative functions as Deputy Director General of the Yaounde General Reference Hospital and Inspector General of Administration in the Ministry of Higher Education. The scope of his expertise includes clinical radiology, medical pedagogy, health research and dissemination of research. He is the current president of the Scientific Council of the Consultative Committee of Higher Education Institutions in the Minister of Higher Education. He authored more than 60 papers in various peer reviewed journals and is a former member of the New York academy of Sciences, the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine and the European Society of Radiology. He has been editor of chief of HSD for more than ten years and managed the transition of this journal to a full electronic journal in 2013. He strongly believes in the potential of the Open Access movement and brought several Cameroonian editors to use OJS as a platform for their journals. He is the founder and President of the NGO “Afrimvoe”, which promotes health, education, environment protection and peace in Africa. Furthermore, he is the current Director of the Medical Department of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church of Cameroon. He is also a traditional ruler in the South Region of Cameroon. NAS is Commander of the Order of Valor of Cameroon and Knight of the he International Order of Academic Palms (OIPA/CAMES).

Section editor

Georges Bediang, MD, MSc, PhD & MPH. University of Yaounde 1 - Cameroon

Prof. Georges Bediang is a Medical Doctor, who obtained a PhD in Medical Informatics and a Master of Advanced Studies in Public Health at the University Geneva. Currently, he is the President of Cameroon Digital Health Society (SOCAS@N). He is Full Professor in Medical Informatics at the Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMBS) of University of Yaoundé I, in which he introduced pre-graduate training in medical informatics for students in general medicine, pharmacy and dentistry and residents in public health 10 years ago. His main research areas are: (i) the appropriate use of eLearning for the training of health professionals in Africa; (ii) the use of digital health and telemedicine tools to support healthcare and decisions for health professionals in Africa; (iii) and the use of knowledge engineering and artificial intelligence-based approaches in healthcare to improve screening, diagnostic and management of patients in resource-limited settings. He was also involved as project manager in several digital health projects, especially Matlook (implementation of Hospital Information System at the maternity of Yaoundé Central Hospital), TB-SMS (SMS-based intervention for improvement of adherence and cure rate of Tuberculosis Patient), Cardioscope & Pneumoscope (use of an electronic stethoscope and artificial intelligence to detect anomalies during auscultation), CarePACS (Medical imaging archiving and sharing system for tele-expertise), MeetDocs (development of a software for managing appointments with medical doctors and the delivery of remote healthcare services). He carried out the development of Cameroonian IT solutions aimed at supporting the higher education and research such as My eDefense (thesis defense management), SmartCongress (management of conferences), He is also involved in the coordination of telemedicine and eLearning activities of the RAFT network in Cameroon and at the international level. With this position, he has been involved in the deployment of eLearning and telemedicine activities in several French-speaking countries.

Section editor

Mah Evelyn Mungyeh

Pr Mah Evelyn Mungyeh is pediatrician and section editor of pediatrics. She is guided by the belief that as a team we can go far, especially as concerns improving health indicators in our country. She obtained a BSc in Biomedical Sciences from the University of Bradford in England, M.Med.Sci in Clinical Pathology from Sheffield Medical School (UK), MD and DES in pediatrics from the faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde1. She heads the neonatology unit at the Yaoundé Gyneco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital since 2008, University teacher end researcher since 2009 at the University of Yaounde1, and active member of the Newborn Technical force since 2014. She also has some experience in the university administration since 2020. Her areas of expertise and domain of research includes neonatology, infant nutrition, Infectiology and Epidemiology; with over 70 publications. She has contributed in putting into place national policies on newborn care. She believes that it is not enough to carryout research, but that the results of research must be shared with other researchers through publication. Email: aminevelyn@yahoo.co.uk.

Deputy editors in chief
• Alfred Kongnyu Njamnshi: MD. FMBS/UY1, BRAIN
• Oudou Njoya: MD. FMBS/UY1
• Essi Marie-José : Ph.D. FMBS/UY1
• Bediang Georges: MD, Ph.D. FMBS/UY1

Section editors
1) Internal medicine and subspecialties : Sobngwi Eugene, Singwe Madeleine, Ashutantang Gloria, Menanga Alain, Bissek ZoungKanyi Anne Cécile, Azabdji Marcel, Ankouane Andoulo, Alfred Kongnyu Njamnshi, Nganou-Gnindjio, Hamadou Ba, Ngarka Léonard
2) Surgery and surgical specialties : Angwafo III Fru, Essomba Arthur, Ze Minkande Jacqueline, Ngowe Ngowe Marcellin, Djientcheu Vincent de Paul, Bahebeck Jean, Amengle Ludovic, Savom Eric Patrick
3) ENT and ophthalmology: Ndjolo Alexis, Ebana Mvogo Côme, Épée Emilienne, Njock Louis Richard, Mvilongo Caroline
4) Pediatrics : Koki Paul, Mah Evelyn, Mbassi Awa Hubert, Mekone Nkwele Isabelle
5) Obstetrics and gynecology: Kasia Jean Marie, Mboudou Emile, Esther Juliette Ngo Um épouse Meka, Mbu Robinson, Foumane Pascal, Dohbit Julius, Mve Koh Valere, Metogo Ntsama Junie
6) Radiology, medical imaging and biophysics : Zeh Odile Fernande, Ongolo Zogo Pierre, Moifo Boniface, Guegang Goujou Emilienne, Nko’o Amvene Samuel, Gonsu Fotsin Joseph, Mbede Maggy, Seme Ambroise
7) Microbiology, parasitology, physiology and biomedical sciences: Mbacham Wilfred, Mbopi-Keou François Xavier, Torimiro Ndongo, Kamgno Joseph, Gonsu Hortense, Assomo Ndemba Péguy, Ngarka Léonard
8) Pathology: Essame Oyono Jean Louis, Sando Zacharie, Mendimi Nkodo Joseph
9) Odontostomatology : Bengondo Charles, Ndjoh Jules Julien
10) Pharmaceutical Sciences : Mpondo Mpondo, Fokunang Estella, Guedje Nicole, Nnanga Nga
11) Public health / research methodology: Kamgno Joseph, Koki Paul
12) Medical informatics / Biostatistics : Nguefack Tsague, Bediang Georges

Advisory Scientific Committee
Abena Marie Thérèse (FMBS/UY1, Yaounde), Eben Moussi Emmanuel (CIRCB, Yaoundé), Sosso Maurice Aurélien (FMBS/UY1, Yaoundé), Rabiou Cissé (Université Ki Zerbo, Ouagadougou), Siaka Sidibe (CHU du Point G, Bamako), Loughe S Claudine (Université Ki Zerbo,Ouagadougou), Ondo Ndong François (Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville), Mbacham Wilfred (FMBS/UY1, BTC/UY1, Yaoundé), Wonkam Ambroise (Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Faculty, Baltimore), Zo’o Martin Roger (Images Santé, Le Mans), Mbopi-Keou François Xavier (FMBS/UY1, Yaounde), Gresenguet Gérard (Université de Bangui, Bangui), Ibara JR (Université Marien-Ngouabi, Brazzaville), Leke Rose (IMPM, Yaounde), Mbanya Jean Claude (FMBS/UY1, Yaounde), Kamgno Joseph (FMBS/UY1, Yaounde).

Technical Secretariat
Bediang Georges, Mbede Maguy, Moulion Tapouh Jean Roger, Nko’o Amvene Michael Robert, Belobo Eyebe Grace, Akono Ondo Laryssa, Seme Ambroise, Awana Armel, Nko’o Ebale Franklin Albert, Amenele Jeanne Marie Priscille, Abdouraman Sali, Angono Dorothée Célanie, Bite’e Bengono Nathalie, Nguidai Angelle, Nko’o Mintsa Samuel Princy, Ningha Nguimgo Brenda

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Meet Our Editorial Team

Pr Esther Juliette Ngo Um épouse Meka

Dean, FMBS/UYI

Managing Editor

Pr Samuel Nko'o Amvene

Editor in Chief

Pr Alfred K. Njamnshi

Deputy Editor In Chief

Pr Marie José Essi

Deputy Editor-in-Chief

Pr Georges Bediang

Deputy Editor-in-Chief - ICT

Pr Oudou Njoya

Deputy Editor-In-Chief

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Scope - Editorial Policies

AIMS AND SCOPE
Health Sciences and Disease, is an open source, peer reviewed medical journal that covers all aspects of medicine, pharmacy, biomedical and health sciences, including public health and societal issues. It is an “online first” publication, which means that all the publications articles appear on the website before being included in the print journal. The papers are published in full on the website, with open access. Our vision is to be the leader medical journal in our region. Our mission is to inform and educate all the health professionals and to promote constructive debate on health issues that matter in the management not only of diseases but of health as a whole.
Health Sciences and Disease is the official publication of the Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of the University of Yaoundé I. Its team is based in Yaounde (Cameroon).
Acceptance of manuscripts is based on the originality, the quality of the work and validity of the evidence, the clarity of presentation, and the relevance to our readership. Publications are expected to be concise, well organized and clearly written. Authors submit a manuscript with the understanding that the manuscript (or its essential substance) has not been published other than as an abstract in any language or format and is not currently submitted elsewhere for print or electronic publication.

JOURNAL FACTS
Publisher
Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaounde I.

Indexing
HSD is indexed by Google Scholar, DOAJ, ROAD, JournalTOCs, African Index Medicus (WHO).
As an institutional publication of the Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of the University of Yaounde I, Health Sciences and Disease is accredited by the Conseil Africain et Malgache pour l’Enseignement Supérieur (CAMES) (N° 220)

Health Sciences and Disease home page: http://hsd-fmsb.org

Contact information
hsdeditor3@gmail.com. / nkooamvenes@gmail.com
Health Sciences and Disease
Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
PO Box 1364, Yaoundé Cameroon.

ISSN (print): 1684-2782 / EISSN (online) : 2309-6535

MANUSCRIPT SUBMISSIONS
The preferred way for submission is the online submission. Please, refer to the instructions to authors and to the Health Sciences and Disease home page: http://hsd-fmsb.org. Otherwise, manuscripts can be addressed to nkooamvenes@gmail.com.

LANGUAGES OF SUBMISSIONS
English, French

EDITORIAL POLICIES
Ethics
HSD’s Policy Committee follows the recommendations of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME), and the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) for guidance on policies and procedures related to publication ethics. The policies for HRA have been adapted from those three advisory bodies and, where necessary, modified and tailored to meet the specific content, audiences, and aims of HSD.
Peer review process
Research manuscripts are initially checked by the editor in chief or section editor for identification of gross deficiencies. At this stage, the proposal may be rejected. After this initial screening, articles are sent to one or two-reviewers whose names are hidden from the author and whose review is guided by a checklist (single anonymized review). The review summary is signed by the reviewer and is not posted with article. The review process may take days to weeks to reach a final decision that is the responsibility of the editor in chief. The duration from submission to publication may take one to six months (average: 6 months). So, the authors should avoid contacting the editorial office less than 6 weeks after the initial submission.
Plagiarism, scientific misconduct
Manuscripts are randomly checked for plagiarism with available free tools. Those proven of plagiarism are returned to the authors without peer review. The editors reserve the right to request that the authors provide additional data collected during their investigations. The editors also reserve the right to send a copy of the manuscript and data in question to the author’s dean, university, or supervisor or, in the case of an investigation being funded by an agency, to that funding agency for appreciation.
Conflict of interest
At the time of submission, authors are asked to disclose whether they have any financial interests or connections, direct or indirect, or other situations that may influence directly or indirectly the work submitted for consideration.
Human and animal studies
Manuscripts reporting results of prospective or retrospective studies involving human subjects must document that appropriate institutional review board (IRB) approval and informed consent were obtained (or waived by the IRB) after the nature of the procedure(s) had been fully explained. In any case, medical research involving human subjects should comply with the Declaration of Helsinki (2013).
Authorship
To be listed as an author, an individual must have made substantial contributions to all three categories established by the ICMJE (http://www.icmje.org): (a) “conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data,” (b) “drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content,” and (c) “final approval of the version to be published.” Individuals who have not made substantial contributions in all three categories but who have made substantial contributions either to some of them or in other areas should be listed in acknowledgments.
Please limit the number of authors to ten when this is feasible.
Content licensing - Open access compliance
Since 2013 , articles published in HSD are Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher, provided the original work is properly cited.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)–Assisted Technology
At submission, the authors should disclose whether they used artiﬁcial intelligence (AI)–assisted technologies in the production of the publication and how AI was used. However, authors should not list AI and AI-assisted technologies as an author or co-author, nor cite AI as an author.
ARTICLE PROCESSING CHARGES (APC)
Article submission is free of charges, but if your paper is accepted for publication, you will be asked to pay article processing charges to cover publications costs, depending on the type, complexity and length of the work, and on the number of authors
FAST TRACK
Inquiries about fast track, manuscript status and preparation, as well as letters to the editor, should be directed to:
Nko’o Amvene Samuel
Editor-in-Chief, Health Sciences and Disease
Email: nkooamvenes@gmail.com

COPYRIGHT NOTICE
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
• Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
• Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
• Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.