Main Article Content
Abstract
RÉSUMÉ
Introduction/ but. La maladie à virus Ebola se manifeste par une fièvre associée à des signes divers non spécifiques. En période d’épidémie, tout signe associé à la fièvre pourrait conduire un patient dans un centre de triage. L’objectif de ce travail était de décrire la distribution des motifs d’admission des patients dans le centre de traitement Ebola (CTE) de Police training School II (PTSII) de Freetown en Sierra Leone. Méthodes. Il s’agissait d’une étude transversale rétrospective qui consistait en une analyse des données relatives aux motifs d’admission entre décembre 2014 et février 2015. La PCR était utilisée pour la confirmation des cas de la maladie à virus Ebola. Un test de diagnostic rapide du paludisme était systématiquement réalisé chez tous les patients. Résultats. Nous avons enregistré 152 admissions dont 93 hommes et 59 femmes. 52 patients soit 34,21% des admissions avaient une PCR positive. La moyenne d’âge des patients était de 28,37 ans avec des extrêmes de 2 et 72 ans. Les signes les plus fréquents chez les sujets avec PCR positive étaient dans l’ordre : manque appétit, fièvre, douleur abdominale, vomissement, conjonctivite, dysphagie + dyspnée, fatigue intense, diarrhée, céphalées, hoquet. Conclusion. La maladie à virus Ebola n’a pas de caractéristiques symptomatologiques spécifiques. La similitude symptomatologique de la maladie à virus Ebola avec les pathologies infectieuses endémiques en Afrique explique l’engouement des populations vers les centres de traitement Ebola en période d’épidémie.
ABSTRACT
Introduction/Purpose. Ebola virus disease (EVD) is manifested by fever associated with various non-specific signs. During an epidemic, any sign associated with fever could lead a patient to an Ebola treatment center. The objective of this work was to describe the distribution of reasons for admission of patients to the Ebola Treatment Center Police Training School (PTSII) in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Methods. This was a cross sectional retrospective study which consisted of an analysis of data on the reasons for admission of patients between December 2014 and February 2015. The PCR was used for confirmation of cases of Ebola virus. A rapid diagnostic test for malaria was routinely performed in all patients. Results. We recorded 152 admissions, including 93 men and 59 women. The PCR result was positive in 52 patients (34.21%) of admissions. The average age of patients was 28.37 years with extremes of 2 and 72 years. The most common reasons of admission of positive PCR patients were by decreasing order of frequency: anorexia, fever, abdominal pain, vomiting, conjunctivitis, dysphagia + dyspnea, intense fatigue, diarrhea, headache and hiccup. Conclusion. We found no specific combination of signs and symptoms for EVD. Similarity of signs and symptoms between EVD and other common infectious tropical diseases may explain why many patients consult Ebola treatment centers during epidemics.
Article Details
References
- Ansari AA (2014) Clinical features and pathobiology of Ebolavirus infection. J Autoimmun 2014 Dec;55:1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.09.001. Epub 2014 Sep 26.
- Aylward B, Barboza P, Bawo L, Bertherat E, Bilivogui P, Blake I, Brennan R, Briand S, Chakauya JM, Chitala K, Conteh RM, Cori A, Croisier A, Dangou JM, Diallo B, Donnelly CA, Dye C, Eckmanns T, Ferguson NM, Formenty P, Fuhrer C, Fukuda K, Garske T, Gasasira A, Gbanyan S, Graaff P, Heleze E, Jambai A, Jombart T, Kasolo F, Kadiobo AM, Keita S, Kertesz D, Koné M, Lane C, Markoff J, Massaquoi M, Mills H, Mulba JM, Musa E, Myhre J, Nasidi A, Nilles E, Nouvellet P, Nshimirimana D, Nuttall I, Nyenswah T, Olu O, Pendergast S, Perea W, Polonsky J, Riley S, Ronveaux O, Sakoba K, Santhana Gopala Krishnan R, Senga M, Shuaib F, Van Kerkhove MD, Vaz R, Wijekoon Kannangarage N, Yoti Z. (2014) Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa --the First 9 Months of the Epidemic and Forward Projections. N Engl J Med 371 (16): 1481–95.
- Elhadj Ibrahima Bah, Marie-Claire Lamah, Tom Fletcher, Shevin T. Jacob, David M. Brett-Major, Amadou Alpha Sall, Nahoko Shindo, William A. Fischer II, Francois Lamontagne, Sow Mamadou Saliou, Daniel G. Bausch, Barry Moumié, Tim Jagatic, Armand Sprecher, James V. Lawler, Thierry Mayet, Frederique A. Jacquerioz, María F. Méndez Baggi, Constanza Vallenas, Christophe Clement, Simon Mardel, Ousmane Faye, Oumar Faye, Baré Soropogui, Nfaly Magassouba, Lamine Koivogui, Ruxandra Pinto, and Robert A. Fowler, (2015) Clinical Presentation of Patients with Ebola Virus Disease in Conakry, Guinea. N Engl J Med 372(1): 40-7.
- Silvia Dallatomasina, Rosa Crestani, James Sylvester Squire, Hilde Declerk, Grazia Marta Caleo, Anja Wolz, Kathryn Stinson, Gabriela Patten, Raphael Brechard, Osman Bamba-Moi Gbabai, Armand Spreicher, Michel Van Herp and Rony Zachariah (2015) Ebola outbreak in rural West Africa: epidemiology, clinical features and outcomes. Tropical Medicine and International Health 20(4): 448–54.
- Luke Hunt, Ankur Gupta-Wright, Victoria Simms, Fayia Tamba, Victoria Knott, Kongoneh Tamba, Saidu Heisenberg-Mansaray, Emmanuel Tamba,Alpha Sheriff , Sulaiman Conteh, Tom Smith, Shelagh Tobin, Tim Brooks, Catherine Houlihan, Rachael Cummings, Tom Fletcher (2015) Clinical presentation, biochemical, and haematological parameters and their association with outcome in patients with Ebola virus disease: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 15(11): 1292–99.
- Marta Lado, Naomi F Walker, Peter Baker, Shamil Haroon, Colin S Brown, Daniel Youkee, Neil Studd, Quaanan Kessete, Rishma Maini, Tom Boyles, Eva Hanciles, Alie Wurie, Thaim B Kamara, Oliver Johnson, Andrew J M Leather (2015) Clinical features of patients isolated for suspected Ebola virus disease at Connaught Hospital, Freetown, Sierra Leone: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 15(9): 1024–33.
- Gaël D. Maganga, Jimmy Kapetshi, Nicolas Berthet, Benoît Kebela Ilunga, Felix Kabange, Placide Mbala Kingebeni, Vital Mondonge, Jean-Jacques T. Muyembe, Eric Bertherat,Sylvie Briand, Joseph Cabore, Alain Epelboin, Pierre Formenty, Gary Kobinger, Licé González-Angulo, Ingrid Labouba, Jean-Claude Manuguerra, ,Jean-Marie Okwo-Bele,Christopher Dye, D. Phil., and Eric M. Leroy, (2014) Ebola Virus Disease in the Democratic Republic of Congo. N Engl J Med 371(22):2083-91.
- OMS (2016) rapport de situation sur la Flambée de Maladie à virus Ebola.
- OMS (2016) clinical management of patients with viral haemorrhagic fever: A pocket guide for front-line health workers. Interim emergency guidance for West Africa-for countryadaptation;http:www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/clinicalmanagement
- Janusz T. Paweska, Petrus Jansen van Vuren, Gunther H. Meier, Chantel le Roux, Ousman S. Conteh, Alan Kemp,Cardia Fourie, Prabha Naidoo, Serisha Naicker, Phumza Ohaebosim, Nadia Storm, Orienka Hellferscee, Lisa K. Ming Sun, Busisiwe Mogodi, Nishi Prabdial-Sing, Desiree du Plessis, Deidre Greyling, Shayne Loubser, Mark Goosen, Stewart D. McCulloch, Terence P. Scott, Alexandra Moerdyk, Wesley Dlamini,Kelfala Konneh, Idrissa L. Kamara, Dauda Sowa, Samuel Sorie, Brima Kargbo, Shabir A. Madhi (2017) South African Ebola diagnostic response in Sierra Leone: A modular high biosafety field laboratory. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 11(6): e0005665.
- Schieffelin JS, Shaffer JG, Goba A, Gbakie M, Gire SK, Colubri A, Sealfon RS, Kanneh L, Moigboi A, Momoh M, Fullah M, Moses LM, Brown BL, Andersen KG, Winnicki S, Schaffner SF, Park DJ, Yozwiak NL, Jiang PP, Kargbo D, Jalloh S, Fonnie M, Sinnah V, French I, Kovoma A, Kamara FK, Tucker V, Konuwa E, Sellu J, Mustapha I, Foday M, Yillah M, Kanneh F, Saffa S, Massally JL, Boisen ML, Branco LM, Vandi MA, Grant DS, Happi C, Gevao SM, Fletcher TE, Fowler RA, Bausch DG, Sabeti PC, Khan SH, Garry RF (2014) Clinical Illness and Outcomes in Patients with Ebola in Sierra Leone. N Engl J Med 371(22): 2092-100
- Uyeki TM, Mehta AK, Davey RT Jr, Liddell AM, Wolf T, Vetter P, Schmiedel S, Grünewald T, Jacobs M, Arribas JR, Evans L, Hewlett AL, Brantsaeter AB, Ippolito G, Rapp C, Hoepelman AI, Gutman J; (2016) Clinical Management of Ebola Virus Disease in the United States and Europe. N Engl J Med 374(7): 636-46.
References
Ansari AA (2014) Clinical features and pathobiology of Ebolavirus infection. J Autoimmun 2014 Dec;55:1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.09.001. Epub 2014 Sep 26.
Aylward B, Barboza P, Bawo L, Bertherat E, Bilivogui P, Blake I, Brennan R, Briand S, Chakauya JM, Chitala K, Conteh RM, Cori A, Croisier A, Dangou JM, Diallo B, Donnelly CA, Dye C, Eckmanns T, Ferguson NM, Formenty P, Fuhrer C, Fukuda K, Garske T, Gasasira A, Gbanyan S, Graaff P, Heleze E, Jambai A, Jombart T, Kasolo F, Kadiobo AM, Keita S, Kertesz D, Koné M, Lane C, Markoff J, Massaquoi M, Mills H, Mulba JM, Musa E, Myhre J, Nasidi A, Nilles E, Nouvellet P, Nshimirimana D, Nuttall I, Nyenswah T, Olu O, Pendergast S, Perea W, Polonsky J, Riley S, Ronveaux O, Sakoba K, Santhana Gopala Krishnan R, Senga M, Shuaib F, Van Kerkhove MD, Vaz R, Wijekoon Kannangarage N, Yoti Z. (2014) Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa --the First 9 Months of the Epidemic and Forward Projections. N Engl J Med 371 (16): 1481–95.
Elhadj Ibrahima Bah, Marie-Claire Lamah, Tom Fletcher, Shevin T. Jacob, David M. Brett-Major, Amadou Alpha Sall, Nahoko Shindo, William A. Fischer II, Francois Lamontagne, Sow Mamadou Saliou, Daniel G. Bausch, Barry Moumié, Tim Jagatic, Armand Sprecher, James V. Lawler, Thierry Mayet, Frederique A. Jacquerioz, María F. Méndez Baggi, Constanza Vallenas, Christophe Clement, Simon Mardel, Ousmane Faye, Oumar Faye, Baré Soropogui, Nfaly Magassouba, Lamine Koivogui, Ruxandra Pinto, and Robert A. Fowler, (2015) Clinical Presentation of Patients with Ebola Virus Disease in Conakry, Guinea. N Engl J Med 372(1): 40-7.
Silvia Dallatomasina, Rosa Crestani, James Sylvester Squire, Hilde Declerk, Grazia Marta Caleo, Anja Wolz, Kathryn Stinson, Gabriela Patten, Raphael Brechard, Osman Bamba-Moi Gbabai, Armand Spreicher, Michel Van Herp and Rony Zachariah (2015) Ebola outbreak in rural West Africa: epidemiology, clinical features and outcomes. Tropical Medicine and International Health 20(4): 448–54.
Luke Hunt, Ankur Gupta-Wright, Victoria Simms, Fayia Tamba, Victoria Knott, Kongoneh Tamba, Saidu Heisenberg-Mansaray, Emmanuel Tamba,Alpha Sheriff , Sulaiman Conteh, Tom Smith, Shelagh Tobin, Tim Brooks, Catherine Houlihan, Rachael Cummings, Tom Fletcher (2015) Clinical presentation, biochemical, and haematological parameters and their association with outcome in patients with Ebola virus disease: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 15(11): 1292–99.
Marta Lado, Naomi F Walker, Peter Baker, Shamil Haroon, Colin S Brown, Daniel Youkee, Neil Studd, Quaanan Kessete, Rishma Maini, Tom Boyles, Eva Hanciles, Alie Wurie, Thaim B Kamara, Oliver Johnson, Andrew J M Leather (2015) Clinical features of patients isolated for suspected Ebola virus disease at Connaught Hospital, Freetown, Sierra Leone: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 15(9): 1024–33.
Gaël D. Maganga, Jimmy Kapetshi, Nicolas Berthet, Benoît Kebela Ilunga, Felix Kabange, Placide Mbala Kingebeni, Vital Mondonge, Jean-Jacques T. Muyembe, Eric Bertherat,Sylvie Briand, Joseph Cabore, Alain Epelboin, Pierre Formenty, Gary Kobinger, Licé González-Angulo, Ingrid Labouba, Jean-Claude Manuguerra, ,Jean-Marie Okwo-Bele,Christopher Dye, D. Phil., and Eric M. Leroy, (2014) Ebola Virus Disease in the Democratic Republic of Congo. N Engl J Med 371(22):2083-91.
OMS (2016) rapport de situation sur la Flambée de Maladie à virus Ebola.
OMS (2016) clinical management of patients with viral haemorrhagic fever: A pocket guide for front-line health workers. Interim emergency guidance for West Africa-for countryadaptation;http:www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/clinicalmanagement
Janusz T. Paweska, Petrus Jansen van Vuren, Gunther H. Meier, Chantel le Roux, Ousman S. Conteh, Alan Kemp,Cardia Fourie, Prabha Naidoo, Serisha Naicker, Phumza Ohaebosim, Nadia Storm, Orienka Hellferscee, Lisa K. Ming Sun, Busisiwe Mogodi, Nishi Prabdial-Sing, Desiree du Plessis, Deidre Greyling, Shayne Loubser, Mark Goosen, Stewart D. McCulloch, Terence P. Scott, Alexandra Moerdyk, Wesley Dlamini,Kelfala Konneh, Idrissa L. Kamara, Dauda Sowa, Samuel Sorie, Brima Kargbo, Shabir A. Madhi (2017) South African Ebola diagnostic response in Sierra Leone: A modular high biosafety field laboratory. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 11(6): e0005665.
Schieffelin JS, Shaffer JG, Goba A, Gbakie M, Gire SK, Colubri A, Sealfon RS, Kanneh L, Moigboi A, Momoh M, Fullah M, Moses LM, Brown BL, Andersen KG, Winnicki S, Schaffner SF, Park DJ, Yozwiak NL, Jiang PP, Kargbo D, Jalloh S, Fonnie M, Sinnah V, French I, Kovoma A, Kamara FK, Tucker V, Konuwa E, Sellu J, Mustapha I, Foday M, Yillah M, Kanneh F, Saffa S, Massally JL, Boisen ML, Branco LM, Vandi MA, Grant DS, Happi C, Gevao SM, Fletcher TE, Fowler RA, Bausch DG, Sabeti PC, Khan SH, Garry RF (2014) Clinical Illness and Outcomes in Patients with Ebola in Sierra Leone. N Engl J Med 371(22): 2092-100
Uyeki TM, Mehta AK, Davey RT Jr, Liddell AM, Wolf T, Vetter P, Schmiedel S, Grünewald T, Jacobs M, Arribas JR, Evans L, Hewlett AL, Brantsaeter AB, Ippolito G, Rapp C, Hoepelman AI, Gutman J; (2016) Clinical Management of Ebola Virus Disease in the United States and Europe. N Engl J Med 374(7): 636-46.