Main Article Content
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Background. Regular, efficient and quality CD4 testing is vital to track disease progression in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The lack of sample referral networks resulted in unacceptably long turnaround times (TAT) for laboratory results. The major objective of this study is to assess the contribution of integrated specimen referral network to rapidly scale up CD4 testing to accelerate progress towards the UNAIDS 90–90–90 treatment target for HIV. Methods. This is a retrospective study conducted on the reported activities of all 3PL service providers from March 2018 to March 2019. Information was obtained from all the approved CD4 diagnostic centres across all the 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) of Nigeria. Tracking records and reports of all centres were also obtained. The total number of specimens rejected was obtained from each centre from the data extraction tool set up by Axios Foundation. Data from bi-monthly quality indicator reports, which included specimen rejection and workload statistics, were included. The data obtained were inputted and analyzed with IBM-SPSS version 25.0. Results. The total number of samples transported in the 13 months was 17,629 with the highest number of samples (17.4%) transported in Cross River state. Exactly 15.0% of these samples were transported in Rivers state and FCT had the third-largest sample movement of 12.9%. Cross River, Rivers, and FCT also recorded the highest number of reported results of 87%, 68%, and 64% respectively. There was a steady increase in the number of samples and results transported until July 2018 where the highest peak (2,085) was recorded. Two other peaks were observed in November 2018 (1,979) and February 2019 (1,889). There were 54 (0.31%) rejected samples recorded in the entire 13 months. Although the highest number of transported samples were recorded in Cross River and Rivers states, no sample rejection was recorded in these states. Conclusion. The integrated specimen referral network has significantly scaled-up specimen referral and results-reporting networks by increasing access to CD4 count testing that has significantly contributed to ART-related monitoring. This integrated service is very important for enhancing the specimen referral system and increasing access to quality laboratory services in Nigeria. The successful implementation of the integrated system may be relevant to other areas of laboratory services other than sample referrals.
RÉSUMÉ
Contexte. Un dépistage régulier, efficace et de qualité du CD4 est essentiel pour suivre la progression de la maladie chez les personnes vivant avec le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine (VIH). L’absence de réseaux d’aiguillage d’échantillons a entraîné des délais d’exécution inacceptablement longs (TAT) pour les résultats de laboratoire. L’objectif principal de cette étude est d’évaluer la contribution du réseau intégré d’aiguillage des échantillons pour accroître rapidement le dépistage du CD4 afin d’accélérer les progrès vers l’objectif de traitement du VIH 90-90 pour l’ONUSIDA. Méthodes. Il s’agit d’une étude rétrospective menée sur les activités déclarées de l’ensemble des prestataires de services 3PL de mars 2018 à mars 2019. Des informations ont été obtenues auprès de tous les centres de diagnostic CD4 approuvés dans les 36 États et du Territoire de la capitale fédérale (FCT) du Nigéria. Des dossiers de suivi et des rapports de tous les centres ont également été obtenus. Le nombre total de spécimens rejetés a été obtenu à partir de chaque centre à partir de l’outil d’extraction de données mis en place par la Fondation Axios, données tirées des rapports semestriels sur les indicateurs de qualité. Résultats. Le nombre total d’échantillons transportés au cours des 13 mois était de 17 629, le plus grand nombre d’échantillons (17,4 %) transportés dans l’État de Cross River. Exactement 15,0 % de ces échantillons ont été transportés dans l’État de Rivers et FCT a eu le troisième mouvement d’échantillon en importance de 12,9 %. Cross River, Rivers et FCT ont également enregistré le plus grand nombre de résultats déclarés, soit 87 %, 68 % et 64 % respectivement. Le nombre d’échantillons et de résultats transportés a augmenté régulièrement jusqu’en juillet 2018, où le pic le plus élevé (2 085) a été enregistré. Deux autres pics ont été observés en novembre 2018 (1 979) et en février 2019 (1 889). Il y en avait 54 (0,31 %) échantillons rejetés enregistrés au cours des 13 mois. Bien que le plus grand nombre d’échantillons transportés ait été enregistré dans les États de Cross River et de Rivers, aucun rejet d’échantillon n’a été enregistré dans ces États. Conclusion. Le réseau intégré d’aiguillage des échantillons a considérablement élargi les réseaux d’aiguillage et de rapport des résultats en augmentant l’accès aux tests de comptage des CD4 qui ont contribué de façon significative à la surveillance liée au TAR. Ce service intégré est très important pour améliorer le système de référence des spécimens et accroître l’accès aux services de laboratoire de qualité au Nigéria. La mise en œuvre réussie du système intégré peut être pertinente pour d’autres secteurs de services de laboratoire autres que les références d’échantillons
Keywords
Article Details
References
- Alemnji G, Nkengasong JN, Parekh BS. HIV testing in developing countries: What is required? Indian J Med Res. 2011;134(12):779–86.
- Kebede Y, Fonjungo PN, Tibesso G, Shrivastava R, Nkengasong JN, Kenyon T, et al. Improved Specimen-Referral System and Increased Access to Quality Laboratory Services in Ethiopia: The Role of the Public-Private Partnership. J Infect Dis. 2016;213(January 2018):S59–64.
- Phalkey RK, Yamamoto S, Awate P, Marx M. Challenges with the implementation of an Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) system: Systematic review of the lessons learned. Health Policy Plan. 2015;30(1):131–43.
- Standley CJ, Muhayangabo R, Bah MS, Barry AM, Bile E, Fischer JE, et al. Creating a National Specimen Referral System in Guinea: Lessons From Initial Development and Implementation. Front Public Heal. 2019;7(April):1–11.
- Olmsted SS, Sama P, Moore M, Meili RC, Duber HC, Wasserman J, et al. Strengthening laboratory systems in resource-limited settings. Am J Clin Pathol. 2010;134(3):374–80.
- Kiyaga C, Sendagire H, Joseph E, McConnell I, Grosz J, Narayan V, et al. Uganda’s new national laboratory sample transport system: A successful model for improving access to diagnostic services for early infant HIV diagnosis and other programs. PLoS One. 2013;8(11).
- Borchert JN, Tappero JW, Downing R, Shoemaker T, Behumbiize P, Aceng J, et al. Rapidly building global health security capacity--Uganda demonstration project, 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep [Internet]. 2014;63(4):73–6. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24476978%0Ahttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4584897
- Louis FJ. Specimen Referral Network to Rapidly Scale-Up CD4 Testing: The Hub and Spoke Model for Haiti. J AIDS Clin Res. 2015;06(08).
- Faruna T, Akintunde E, Odelola B. Leveraging private sector transportation / logistics services to improve the National Integrated Specimen Referral Network in Nigeria © Society for Business and Management Dynamics © Society for Business and Management Dynamics. 2019;8(7):8–20.
- Nkengasong JN. Strengthening laboratory services and systems in resource-poor countries. Am J Clin Pathol. 2009;131(6):774.
- Bryan-Mofya. 6th IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment. Increasing access to diagnostics for a mother baby pair through the specimen referral system. In 2011.
- Federal Ministry of Health and UNAIDS. New survey results indicate that Nigeria has an HIV prevalence of 1.4%. 2030 End AIDS epidemic [Internet]. 2019;1–3. Available from: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/20190314_PR_Nigeria_en.pdf
- Kiyaga C, Sendagire H, Joseph E, McConnell I, Grosz J, Narayan V, et al. Uganda’s new national laboratory sample transport system: A successful model for improving access to diagnostic services for early infant HIV diagnosis and other programs. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):1–7.
- ASLM. Scaling-up Access to HIV Viral Load Testing. In: African Society for Laboratory Medicine (ASLM). 2016. p. 2014.
- Shiferaw MB, Yismaw G, Getachew H. Specimen rejections among referred specimens through referral network to the Amhara Public Health Institute for laboratory testing, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes [Internet]. 2018;11(1):4–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3891-7
References
Alemnji G, Nkengasong JN, Parekh BS. HIV testing in developing countries: What is required? Indian J Med Res. 2011;134(12):779–86.
Kebede Y, Fonjungo PN, Tibesso G, Shrivastava R, Nkengasong JN, Kenyon T, et al. Improved Specimen-Referral System and Increased Access to Quality Laboratory Services in Ethiopia: The Role of the Public-Private Partnership. J Infect Dis. 2016;213(January 2018):S59–64.
Phalkey RK, Yamamoto S, Awate P, Marx M. Challenges with the implementation of an Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) system: Systematic review of the lessons learned. Health Policy Plan. 2015;30(1):131–43.
Standley CJ, Muhayangabo R, Bah MS, Barry AM, Bile E, Fischer JE, et al. Creating a National Specimen Referral System in Guinea: Lessons From Initial Development and Implementation. Front Public Heal. 2019;7(April):1–11.
Olmsted SS, Sama P, Moore M, Meili RC, Duber HC, Wasserman J, et al. Strengthening laboratory systems in resource-limited settings. Am J Clin Pathol. 2010;134(3):374–80.
Kiyaga C, Sendagire H, Joseph E, McConnell I, Grosz J, Narayan V, et al. Uganda’s new national laboratory sample transport system: A successful model for improving access to diagnostic services for early infant HIV diagnosis and other programs. PLoS One. 2013;8(11).
Borchert JN, Tappero JW, Downing R, Shoemaker T, Behumbiize P, Aceng J, et al. Rapidly building global health security capacity--Uganda demonstration project, 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep [Internet]. 2014;63(4):73–6. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24476978%0Ahttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4584897
Louis FJ. Specimen Referral Network to Rapidly Scale-Up CD4 Testing: The Hub and Spoke Model for Haiti. J AIDS Clin Res. 2015;06(08).
Faruna T, Akintunde E, Odelola B. Leveraging private sector transportation / logistics services to improve the National Integrated Specimen Referral Network in Nigeria © Society for Business and Management Dynamics © Society for Business and Management Dynamics. 2019;8(7):8–20.
Nkengasong JN. Strengthening laboratory services and systems in resource-poor countries. Am J Clin Pathol. 2009;131(6):774.
Bryan-Mofya. 6th IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment. Increasing access to diagnostics for a mother baby pair through the specimen referral system. In 2011.
Federal Ministry of Health and UNAIDS. New survey results indicate that Nigeria has an HIV prevalence of 1.4%. 2030 End AIDS epidemic [Internet]. 2019;1–3. Available from: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/20190314_PR_Nigeria_en.pdf
Kiyaga C, Sendagire H, Joseph E, McConnell I, Grosz J, Narayan V, et al. Uganda’s new national laboratory sample transport system: A successful model for improving access to diagnostic services for early infant HIV diagnosis and other programs. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):1–7.
ASLM. Scaling-up Access to HIV Viral Load Testing. In: African Society for Laboratory Medicine (ASLM). 2016. p. 2014.
Shiferaw MB, Yismaw G, Getachew H. Specimen rejections among referred specimens through referral network to the Amhara Public Health Institute for laboratory testing, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes [Internet]. 2018;11(1):4–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3891-7