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RÉSUMÉ
Objectif . Caractériser les extraits de feuilles d’Annona muricata Linn et évaluer in vivo l’activité anti-hypertensive. Méthodes. il s’agit d’une étude expérimentale réalisée de janvier à juin 2018 dans les Laboratoires de Pharmacie Galénique et de Législation Pharmaceutique, et de Physiologie animale l’Université de Yaoundé I. Les feuilles séchées et pulvérisées ont été macérées dans trois solvants différents : hexane, mélange hydro-éthanolique et eau distillée. La caractérisation phytochimique a été effectuée selon Harbone et Evans. La pathologie a été induite aux rats wistar males en administrant du saccharose 20% et du NaCl 9%, l’évaluation s’est faite aux doses de 50 et 100 mg/kg d’extrait hydro-éthanolique. La pression artérielle et la fréquence cardiaque ont été selon la méthode modifiée de Bopda et al. Le profil lipidique, les transaminases et la créatinine ont été déterminés par dosage enzymatique, et l’ionogramme par un analyseur d’électrolytes HUMALYTE. Résultats.: L’extrait hydro-éthanolique contient des alcaloïdes, polyphénols, tanins, triterpènes, flavonoïdes, stéroïdes et anthraquinones. Les deux doses d’évaluation ont permis d’observer une baisse de la pression artérielle mais pas de la fréquence cardiaque, une rétention potassique et une diminution de la natrémie. Le cholestérol total est resté élevé chez les rats traités à 50 mg/Kg, et le cholestérol-LDL chez tous les rats hypertendus suite à l’administration de l’extrait. Cependant, les dommages hépatique et rénal n’ont été observés. Conclusion. La caractérisation de l’extrait hyrdo-éthanolique d’Annona muricata L a revelé la présence d’alcaloïdes, polyphénols, tanins, triterpènes, flavonoides, stéroides et anthraquinones et une activité anti-hypertensive sur les rats de souche wistar.
ABSTRACT
Objective. To characterize and evaluate Annona muricata Linn leave extracts and their in vivo anti-hypertensive activity. Methodology. This experimental study was carried out from January to June 2018 in the Laboratory of Galenic Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Legislation of the Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, and the Laboratory of Animal Physiology of the Faculty of Science of the University of Yaoundé I. The dried and pulverised leaves were macerated in three different solvents: hexane, hydro-ethanolic mixture and distilled water. Phytochemical characterisation was carried out according to Harbone and Evans’ protocols. Pathology was induced in male Wistar rats by administering 20% sucrose and 9% NaCl. The rats were treated with 50 and 100 mg/kg doses of hydroethanol extract. Blood pressure and heart rate were determined by the modified method of Bopda and al. Lipid profile, transaminases and creatinin were determined by an enzyme assay, and the ionogram by a HUMALYTE electrolyte analyzer. Results. The hydroethanol extract contains alkaloids, polyphenols, tannins, triterpenes, flavonoids, steroids and anthraquinones. A decrease in blood pressure but not heart rate, potassium retention and a decrease in natraemia were observed. Total cholesterol remained elevated in rats treated at 50 mg/Kg, and LDL-cholesterol in all hypertensive rats following administration of the leave extract. However, liver and kidney damage was not observed. Conclusion. The characterisation of the hyrdo-ethanolic extract of Annona muricata L revealed the presence of alkaloids, polyphenols, tannins, triterpenes, flavonoids, steroids and anthraquinones and consequently, an anti-hypertensive activity on our rats.
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References
- World Health Organization. World overview of hypertension: World Health Day. Geneva: WHO; 2013. 39p.
- Dzudie A, Kengne AP, Muna WF, Ba H, Menanga A, Kouam Kouam C et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in a self-selected sub-Saharan African urban population: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2012 Aug 24;2(4).
- Guépi Nadine. Cameroon, social security: access to medical care is a problem.
- World Health Organization. WHO Strategy for Traditional Medicine 2014-2023.Geneva: WHO; 2013. 72p.
- Uzma S, Muhammad E, Zunera C, Bashir Ahmad. Pharmacological Screening of Annona muricata. Asian J Agri & Biol. 2017;5(1):38-46.
- Nwokocha CR, Owu DU, Gordon A, Thaxter K, McCalla G, Ozolua RI et al. Possible mechanisms of action of the hypotensive effect of Annona muricata (soursop) in normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats. Pharm Biol. 2012 Nov; 50(11):1436-41.
- Tsabang N, Yedjou CG, Tchounwou PB. Phytotherapy of High Blood Pressure in Three Phytogeographic Regions of Cameroon. Pharm Anal Acta. 2017; 7:530.
- Harborne JB. Phytochemical Methods. 3rd. London: Chapman and Hall Ltd. 1998; pp 60–6.
- Evans WC. Trease and Evans Pharmacology. 14th. London: WB Saunders Company Ltd. 2000; pp. 224- 39.
- Gordish KL, Kassem KM, Ortiz PA, Beierwaltes WH. Moderate (20%) fructose-enriched diet stimulates salt-sensitive hypertension with increased salt retention and decreased renal nitric oxide. Physiol Rep. 2017 Apr; 5(7).
- Bopda OS, Longo F, Bella TN, Edzah PM, Taïwe GS, Bilanda DC et al. Antihypertensive activities of the aqueous extract of Kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae) in high salt-loaded rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014 Apr 28;153(2):400-7.
- Bopda Mtopi OS, Dimo T, Nguelefack TB, Dzeufiet D, Rakotonirina SV, Kamtchouing P. Effect of Brillantaisia nitens Lindau (Acanthaceae) methylene chloride/methanol leaf extract on rat arterial blood pressure and heart rate. Pharmacology online. 2007; 1:495- 510.
- Feng J, Fitz Y, Li Y, Fernandez M, Cortes Puch I, Wang D et al.. Catheterization of the carotid artery and jugular vein to perform hemodynamic measures, infusions and blood sampling in a conscious rat model. J Vis Exp. 2015 Jan 30;(95):51881.
- Mac Lachlan J, Wotherspoon AT, Ansell RO, Brooks CJ. Cholesterol oxidase: sources, physical properties and analytical applications. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2000 Apr;72(5):169-95.
- Solena M-L. Métabolisme des lipides et des lipoprotéines. In : Valdiguié P, editors. Biochimie clinique. Paris : Cedex ; 2000. p168-86.
- Warnick GR, Cheung MC, Albers JJ. Comparison of current methods for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol quantification. Clin Chem. 1979; 5(4):596- 604.
- Després JP, Couillard C, Gagnon J, Bergeron J, Arthur S, James S. Race, Visceral Adipose Tissue, Plasma Lipids, and Lipoprotein Lipase Activity in Men and Women. The Health, Risk Factors, Exercise Training, and Genetics (HERITAGE) Family Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.2000;20(8):1932-38.
- Brian L. Characterization of anxiolytic compunds from Annona muricata L. leaf extract : a computational and exerimental approach. [Thesis]. New Jersey : University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requiments ; 2014.
- Nnanga Nga E, G Nchinda, L Logmo Mahi, P Bodio Figuei, JM Mbole Mvondo, B Sagnia, D Adiogo. Phytochemical screening and evaluation of antioxidant power of hydro-ethanolic and aqueous leaves extracts of Annona muricata Linn (soursop). Health sci. Dis. 2019 Jan-Feb;20(1):29-33.
- Ebabhi AM, Kanife UC, Bikomo EO, Julius SO, Nnabugwu, EC. Phytochemical and in-vitro screening of Annona muricata plant against clinical fungi. Niger J. Mycol. 2018;10:1-16.
- Thomas Eschenhagen. Treatment of Hypertension. In : McGraw-Hill Education, editor. The pharmacological basis of Therapeutics. 13th ed. New York; 2018. p508.
- Nwokocha CR, Owu DU, Gordon A, Thaxter K, McCalla G, Ozolua RI et al. Possible mechanisms of action of the hypotensive effect of Annona muricata (soursop) in normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats. Pharm Biol. 2012 Nov;50(11):1436-41.
- Sokpe A, Mensah MLK, Koffuor GA, Thomford KP, Arthur R, Jibira Y et al. Hypotensive and Antihypertensive Properties and Safety for Use of Annona muricata and Persea americana and Their Combination Products. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020 Dec 10;2020:8833828.
- Soleimani M, Alborzi P. The role of salt in the pathogenesis of fructose-induced hypertension. Int J Nephrol. 2011;2011:392708.
- Edwin K. Jackson. Drugs Affecting Renal Excretory Function. In: McGraw-Hill Education, editor. The pharmacological basis of Therapeutics. 13th ed. New York; 2018. p449.
- Edwin K. Jackson. Drugs Affecting Renal Excretory Function. In: McGraw-Hill Education, editor. The pharmacological basis of Therapeutics. 13th ed. New York; 2018. p455.
- Chou CL, Lai YH, Lin TY, Lee TJ, Fang TC. Aliskiren prevents and ameliorates metabolic syndrome in fructose-fed rats. Arch Med Sci. 2011 Oct;7(5):882-8.
- Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Després JP, Willett WC, Hu FB. Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2010 Nov;33(11):2477-83.
- Choi UK, Lee OH, Yim JH, Cho CW, Rhee YK, Lim SI et al. Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) root and leaf on cholesterol-fed rabbits. Int J Mol Sci. 2010 Jan 6;11(1):67-78.
- Baldi E, P. Burra, M. Plebani, and M. Salvagnini, “Serum malondialdehyd and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase activity as markers of chronic alcohol intake and alcoholic liver disease,” The Italian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1993; 25(8):429–32.
- Schisler NJ and S. M. Singh, “Effect of ethanol in vivo on enzymes which detoxify oxygen free radicals,” Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 1989;7(2):117–23.
- Paige NM and G. T. Nagami, “the top 10 things nephrologists wish every primary care physician knew,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2009; 84(2): 180–86.
References
World Health Organization. World overview of hypertension: World Health Day. Geneva: WHO; 2013. 39p.
Dzudie A, Kengne AP, Muna WF, Ba H, Menanga A, Kouam Kouam C et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in a self-selected sub-Saharan African urban population: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2012 Aug 24;2(4).
Guépi Nadine. Cameroon, social security: access to medical care is a problem.
World Health Organization. WHO Strategy for Traditional Medicine 2014-2023.Geneva: WHO; 2013. 72p.
Uzma S, Muhammad E, Zunera C, Bashir Ahmad. Pharmacological Screening of Annona muricata. Asian J Agri & Biol. 2017;5(1):38-46.
Nwokocha CR, Owu DU, Gordon A, Thaxter K, McCalla G, Ozolua RI et al. Possible mechanisms of action of the hypotensive effect of Annona muricata (soursop) in normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats. Pharm Biol. 2012 Nov; 50(11):1436-41.
Tsabang N, Yedjou CG, Tchounwou PB. Phytotherapy of High Blood Pressure in Three Phytogeographic Regions of Cameroon. Pharm Anal Acta. 2017; 7:530.
Harborne JB. Phytochemical Methods. 3rd. London: Chapman and Hall Ltd. 1998; pp 60–6.
Evans WC. Trease and Evans Pharmacology. 14th. London: WB Saunders Company Ltd. 2000; pp. 224- 39.
Gordish KL, Kassem KM, Ortiz PA, Beierwaltes WH. Moderate (20%) fructose-enriched diet stimulates salt-sensitive hypertension with increased salt retention and decreased renal nitric oxide. Physiol Rep. 2017 Apr; 5(7).
Bopda OS, Longo F, Bella TN, Edzah PM, Taïwe GS, Bilanda DC et al. Antihypertensive activities of the aqueous extract of Kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae) in high salt-loaded rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014 Apr 28;153(2):400-7.
Bopda Mtopi OS, Dimo T, Nguelefack TB, Dzeufiet D, Rakotonirina SV, Kamtchouing P. Effect of Brillantaisia nitens Lindau (Acanthaceae) methylene chloride/methanol leaf extract on rat arterial blood pressure and heart rate. Pharmacology online. 2007; 1:495- 510.
Feng J, Fitz Y, Li Y, Fernandez M, Cortes Puch I, Wang D et al.. Catheterization of the carotid artery and jugular vein to perform hemodynamic measures, infusions and blood sampling in a conscious rat model. J Vis Exp. 2015 Jan 30;(95):51881.
Mac Lachlan J, Wotherspoon AT, Ansell RO, Brooks CJ. Cholesterol oxidase: sources, physical properties and analytical applications. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2000 Apr;72(5):169-95.
Solena M-L. Métabolisme des lipides et des lipoprotéines. In : Valdiguié P, editors. Biochimie clinique. Paris : Cedex ; 2000. p168-86.
Warnick GR, Cheung MC, Albers JJ. Comparison of current methods for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol quantification. Clin Chem. 1979; 5(4):596- 604.
Després JP, Couillard C, Gagnon J, Bergeron J, Arthur S, James S. Race, Visceral Adipose Tissue, Plasma Lipids, and Lipoprotein Lipase Activity in Men and Women. The Health, Risk Factors, Exercise Training, and Genetics (HERITAGE) Family Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.2000;20(8):1932-38.
Brian L. Characterization of anxiolytic compunds from Annona muricata L. leaf extract : a computational and exerimental approach. [Thesis]. New Jersey : University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requiments ; 2014.
Nnanga Nga E, G Nchinda, L Logmo Mahi, P Bodio Figuei, JM Mbole Mvondo, B Sagnia, D Adiogo. Phytochemical screening and evaluation of antioxidant power of hydro-ethanolic and aqueous leaves extracts of Annona muricata Linn (soursop). Health sci. Dis. 2019 Jan-Feb;20(1):29-33.
Ebabhi AM, Kanife UC, Bikomo EO, Julius SO, Nnabugwu, EC. Phytochemical and in-vitro screening of Annona muricata plant against clinical fungi. Niger J. Mycol. 2018;10:1-16.
Thomas Eschenhagen. Treatment of Hypertension. In : McGraw-Hill Education, editor. The pharmacological basis of Therapeutics. 13th ed. New York; 2018. p508.
Nwokocha CR, Owu DU, Gordon A, Thaxter K, McCalla G, Ozolua RI et al. Possible mechanisms of action of the hypotensive effect of Annona muricata (soursop) in normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats. Pharm Biol. 2012 Nov;50(11):1436-41.
Sokpe A, Mensah MLK, Koffuor GA, Thomford KP, Arthur R, Jibira Y et al. Hypotensive and Antihypertensive Properties and Safety for Use of Annona muricata and Persea americana and Their Combination Products. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020 Dec 10;2020:8833828.
Soleimani M, Alborzi P. The role of salt in the pathogenesis of fructose-induced hypertension. Int J Nephrol. 2011;2011:392708.
Edwin K. Jackson. Drugs Affecting Renal Excretory Function. In: McGraw-Hill Education, editor. The pharmacological basis of Therapeutics. 13th ed. New York; 2018. p449.
Edwin K. Jackson. Drugs Affecting Renal Excretory Function. In: McGraw-Hill Education, editor. The pharmacological basis of Therapeutics. 13th ed. New York; 2018. p455.
Chou CL, Lai YH, Lin TY, Lee TJ, Fang TC. Aliskiren prevents and ameliorates metabolic syndrome in fructose-fed rats. Arch Med Sci. 2011 Oct;7(5):882-8.
Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Després JP, Willett WC, Hu FB. Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2010 Nov;33(11):2477-83.
Choi UK, Lee OH, Yim JH, Cho CW, Rhee YK, Lim SI et al. Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) root and leaf on cholesterol-fed rabbits. Int J Mol Sci. 2010 Jan 6;11(1):67-78.
Baldi E, P. Burra, M. Plebani, and M. Salvagnini, “Serum malondialdehyd and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase activity as markers of chronic alcohol intake and alcoholic liver disease,” The Italian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1993; 25(8):429–32.
Schisler NJ and S. M. Singh, “Effect of ethanol in vivo on enzymes which detoxify oxygen free radicals,” Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 1989;7(2):117–23.
Paige NM and G. T. Nagami, “the top 10 things nephrologists wish every primary care physician knew,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2009; 84(2): 180–86.