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Introduction. L'hypertension artérielle (HTA) est un facteur de risque cardio-vasculaire responsable de décès prématurés dans le monde. Le but de ce travail était d’évaluer la prévalence communautaire et les facteurs associés de l'hypertension artérielle au Cameroun. Méthodologie. Il s’agissait d’une étude multicentrique menée au Cameroun dans 15 communautés des régions du Centre, de l’Est, de l’Ouest, du Sud-Ouest, et du Littoral sous forme de campagnes de dépistage de janvier 2022 à décembre 2022. Des volontaires âgés de ≥ 18 ans ont été dépistés pour l'hypertension artérielle et les facteurs de risque cardio-vasculaires. Résultats. Nous avons recruté 1530 volontaires dont l'âge moyen était de 44,5±15,7 ans avec un sex-ratio de 0,58. La prévalence de l'hypertension artérielle dans notre population était de 38,95% avec une incidence de 21%. Parmi les hypertendus connus avant le dépistage, 65.10% avaient une tension artérielle non contrôlée. La proportion non-diabétique (aOR=1,68 ; CI : 1,17-2,42) avait près de 2 fois plus de risque de développer une hypertension que la proportion diabétique. Les personnes ayant pris leur tension en cours d’année (aOR=0,43 ; CI : 0,25-0,73) avaient moins de risque de développer une hypertension comparés à ceux qui n’avaient jamais fait de prise de tension. Les participants en surpoids (aOR=0,53 ; CI : 0,38-0,72) et obèse (aOR= 0,46 ; CI : 0,34-0,64) avaient moins de risque d’avoir une hypertension que ceux avec un indice de masse corporelle (IMC) classée normal. Conclusion. L'hypertension artérielle a une prévalence élevée au Cameroun et les facteurs associés étaient l’absence d’un contrôle régulier de la tension artérielle, un IMC normal et le fait de ne pas être diabétique connu.
ABSTRACT
Introduction. High blood pressure (HBP) is a cardiovascular risk factor responsible for premature deaths worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and associated factors of hypertension in the Cameroonian context. Methodology. This was a multicenter study conducted in Cameroon in 15 communities in the Central, East, West, Southwest, and Littoral regions in the form of screening campaigns from January 2022 to December 2022. Volunteers aged ≥ 18 years were screened for high blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors. Results. We selected 1530 volunteers with a mean age of 44.5±15.7 years and a sex ratio of 0.58. The prevalence of high blood pressure in our population was 38.95% with an incidence of 21%. Among those known to have hypertension before screening, 65.10% had uncontrolled blood pressure. The non-diabetic proportion (aOR=1.68; CI: 1.17-2.42) had nearly 2 times the risk of developing hypertension compared to the diabetic proportion. Individuals who had their blood pressure checked within the year (aOR=0.43; CI: 0.25-0.73) had a lower risk of developing hypertension compared to those who had never had their blood pressure checked. Overweight (aOR=0.53; CI: 0.38-0.72) and obese (aOR=0.46; CI: 0.34-0.64) participants had a lower risk of hypertension compared to those with a normal body mass index (BMI). Conclusion. High blood pressure has a high prevalence in Cameroon, and the associated factors were the absence of regular blood pressure control, a normal BMI, and not being a known diabetic.
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References
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- Haute Autorité de Santé. Evaluation par classe des médicaments antihypertenseurs 2013.
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- Shaw JE, Sicree RA, Zimmet PZ. Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010;87:4–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2009.10.007.
- Bigna JJ, Nansseu JR, Katte J-C, Noubiap JJ. Prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes mellitus among adults residing in Cameroon: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018;137:109–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2017.12.005.
- Lopes S, Mesquita-Bastos J, Garcia C, Bertoquini S, Ribau V, Teixeira M, et al. Effect of Exercise Training on Ambulatory Blood Pressure Among Patients With Resistant Hypertension. JAMA Cardiol 2021;6:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2735.
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- Perol S, Hugon-Rodin J, Plu-Bureau G. Hypertension artérielle et contraception. Presse Médicale 2019;48:1269–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lpm.2019.07.033.
References
Mills KT, Bundy JD, Kelly TN, Reed JE, Kearney PM, Reynolds K, et al. Global Disparities of Hypertension Prevalence and Control: A Systematic Analysis of Population-Based Studies From 90 Countries. Circulation 2016;134:441–50. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018912.
Houle B, Gaziano TA, Angotti N, Mojola SA, Kabudula CW, Tollman SM, et al. Hypertension incidence among middle-aged and older adults: findings from a 5-year prospective study in rural South Africa, 2010-2015. BMJ Open 2021;11:e049621. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049621.
Haute Autorité de Santé. Evaluation par classe des médicaments antihypertenseurs 2013.
Christian Millogo GR, Edgard Zongo RF, Benao A, Hoho Youl EN, Bazona Bassoleth BA, Ouédraogo M, et al. Prévalence et caractéristiques des effets indésirables des antihypertenseurs chez les patients suivis en ambulatoire au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo. Pan Afr Med J 2018;29. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2018.29.84.13754.
Paudel P, Chalise S, Neupane DR, Adhikari N, Paudel S, Dangi NB. Prevalence of Hypertension in a Community. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2020;58:1011–7. https://doi.org/10.31729/jnma.5316.
Zhou B, Carrillo-Larco RM, Danaei G, Riley LM, Paciorek CJ, Stevens GA, et al. Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants. The Lancet 2021;398:957–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01330-1.
[7] Houehanou C, Amidou S, Preux P-M, Houinato D, Lacroix P. Hypertension artérielle (HTA) en Afrique subsaharienne. JMV-J Médecine Vasc 2018;43:87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmv.2017.12.032.
[8] Dzudie A, Fourie JM, Scholtz W, Scarlatescu O, Nel G, Kingue S. PASCAR and WHF Cardiovascular Diseases Scorecard project. Cardiovasc J Afr 2020;31:51–8. https://doi.org/10.5830/CVJA-2020-015.
[9] Kingue S, Ngoe CN, Menanga AP, Jingi AM, Noubiap JJN, Fesuh B, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hypertension in Urban Areas of Cameroon: A Nationwide Population‐Based Cross‐Sectional Study. J Clin Hypertens 2015;17:819–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.12604.
[10] Dzudie A, Djomou A, Ba H, Njume E, Ndom MS, Mfekeu LK, et al. MMM17-Cameroon, analysis and opportunities—Sub-Saharan Africa. Eur Heart J Suppl J Eur Soc Cardiol 2019;21:D31. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/suz081.
Simo LP, Agbor VN, Noubiap JJN, Nana OP, Nkosu PS-M, Anouboweh AFA, et al. Hypertension prevalence, associated factors, treatment and control in rural Cameroon: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2020;10:e040981. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040981.
DeGuire J, Clarke J, Rouleau K, Roy J, Bushnik T. Blood pressure and hypertension. Health Rep 2019;30:14–21. https://doi.org/10.25318/82-003-x201900200002.
Sharma JR, Mabhida SE, Myers B, Apalata T, Nicol E, Benjeddou M, et al. Prevalence of Hypertension and Its Associated Risk Factors in a Rural Black Population of Mthatha Town, South Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021;18:1215. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031215.
Jorgensen JMA, Hedt KH, Omar OM, Davies JI. Hypertension and diabetes in Zanzibar – prevalence and access to care. BMC Public Health 2020;20:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09432-8.
Shaw JE, Sicree RA, Zimmet PZ. Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010;87:4–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2009.10.007.
Bigna JJ, Nansseu JR, Katte J-C, Noubiap JJ. Prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes mellitus among adults residing in Cameroon: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018;137:109–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2017.12.005.
Lopes S, Mesquita-Bastos J, Garcia C, Bertoquini S, Ribau V, Teixeira M, et al. Effect of Exercise Training on Ambulatory Blood Pressure Among Patients With Resistant Hypertension. JAMA Cardiol 2021;6:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2735.
Mounier-Vehier C, Madika A-L, Sosner P, Atallah A, Baguet J-P, Inamo J. La prévention de l’HTA en France métropolitaine et dans les DOM-ROM (Outre-mer) : agir ensemble sur notre environnement ! Bull Académie Natl Médecine 2018;202:1549–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-4079(19)30221-3.
Perol S, Hugon-Rodin J, Plu-Bureau G. Hypertension artérielle et contraception. Presse Médicale 2019;48:1269–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lpm.2019.07.033.