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Abstract
Objective. The existence of asymptomatic carriers of a COVID-19, a contagious respiratory infection, might make the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) by the public an inevitable practice. Our focus in this study is to assess the knowledge and attitude of Nigeria public with respect to the correct use of these personal protective equipment in preventing the spread of the disease. Methods. Prevention guidelines by Centre for Disease Control were considered in structuring questionnaire to assess PPE types, use and doffing protocol among the public in states with report of COVID-19 in Nigeria, between 1-31 March 2020. Results. Out of the five hundred and twenty two (522) respondents, 270 (51.7%) made use of PPE. Some of the justifications for not using the PPE were; less value on importance of PPE and reliance on divine protection. PPE used by the public were facemask (61.5%), gloves (2.6%) and a combination of facemask and gloves (35.9%). With respect to the doffing sequence in respondents using more than one PPE, error was reported in 85.7% of the respondents. Conclusion. Some of the findings in this work could indicate the contributing factors to the spread of COVID-19 infection in Nigeria. Hence, public enlightenment and creating awareness in the general population are equally as important as the recommendation of PPE use by the general public.
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References
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- Bell D. Non-pharmaceutical interventions for pandemic influenza, international measures. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006; 12:81–87.
- Aiello A, Perez V, Coulborn R, Davis B, Uddin M, Monto A. Facemasks, hand hygiene, and influenza among young adults: a randomized intervention trial. PLoS one. 2012;7(1).
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- Pan X, Chen D, Xia Y, Xinwei W, Tangsheng L, Xueting O, Liyang Z, Jing L. Asymptomatic cases in a family cluster with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20:411-412
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- World Health Organization. (2020). Rational use of personal protective equipment for coronavirus disease (COVID-19): interim guidance, 27 February 2020 (No. WHO/2019-nCov/IPCPPE_use/2020.1). World Health Organization. Assessed 12 April 2020
- Kwon JH, Burnham CD, Reske KA, Liang SY, Hink T, Wallace MA, Shupe A,Seiler S, Cass C, Fraser VJ, Dubberke ER. MSPH for the CDC preventionepicenters. Assessment of healthcare worker protocol deviations and self-contaminationduring personal protective equipment donning and doffing. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2017;38(9):1077–83.
- World Health Organization: Steps to Take Off Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Including Coverall. WHO/HIS/SDS/2015.4. 2015. http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/150118. Assessesd 20 April 2020.
- Casanova LM, Rutala WA, Weber DJ, Sobsey MD. Effect of single- versus double-gloving on virus transfer to health care workers’ skin and clothing during removal of personal protective equipment. Am J Infect Control.2012;40:369 374.
- Guo YP, Li Y, Wong PL. Environment and body contamination: a comparison of two different removal methods in three types of personal protective clothing. Am J Infect Control. 2014;42(4):e39–45.
- Edmond MB, Diekema DJ, Perencevich EN. Ebola virus disease and the needfor new personal protective equipment. JAMA. 2014;312(23):2495–6.
- Okamoto K, Rhee Y, Schoeny M, Lolans K, Cheng J, Reddy S, Weinstein R, Hayden M, Popovich K. Impact of doffing errors on healthcare worker self-contamination when caring for patients on contact precautions. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2019, 209;40:559–565.
- Lim SM, Cha WC, Chae MK, Jo IJ. Contamination during doffing of personal protective equipment by healthcare providers. Clin Exp Emerg Med. 2015; 2(3):162–7.
References
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gun X, Cheng Z, Yu T, Xia J, Wei Y, Wu W, Xie X, Yin W, Li H, Liu M, Xiao Y, Gao H, Guo L, Xie J, Wang G, Jiang R, Gao Z, Jin Q, Wang J, Cao B. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395:497-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
Nigeria Centre for Disease Control. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Highlights. Available at https://ncdc.gov.ng/themes/common/files/sitreps/43fad8b2c9f70eed298f9582941d067b.pdf (accessed April 2020)
Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B, Xiang H, Cheng Z, Xiong Y, Zhao Y, Li Y, Wang X, Peng Z. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. Published online February 7, 2020. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1585
Bell D. Non-pharmaceutical interventions for pandemic influenza, international measures. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006; 12:81–87.
Aiello A, Perez V, Coulborn R, Davis B, Uddin M, Monto A. Facemasks, hand hygiene, and influenza among young adults: a randomized intervention trial. PLoS one. 2012;7(1).
World Health Organization. Shortage of personal protective equipment endangering health workers worldwide.https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/03-03-2020-shortage-of-personal-protective-equipment-endangering-health-workers-worldwide.Accessed 12 April 2020.
Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, Bretzel G, Froeschl G, Wallrauch C, Zimmer T, Thiel V, Janke C, Guggemos W, Seilmaier M, Drosten C, Vollmar P, Zwirglmaier K, Zange S, Wolfel R, Hoelscher M. Transmission of 2019-nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382(10):970-971.
Pan X, Chen D, Xia Y, Xinwei W, Tangsheng L, Xueting O, Liyang Z, Jing L. Asymptomatic cases in a family cluster with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20:411-412
Bai Y, Yao L, Wei T, Fei T, Dong-Yan J, Lijuan C, Meiyun W. Presumed Asymptomatic Carrier Transmission of COVID-19. Jama. 2020; 323(14): 1406-1407. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2565
Centre for disease control. How to Wear a Cloth Face Covering. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/diy-cloth-face-coverings.html. Assessed 21 April 2020
Lee K, Hoti K, Hughes J, Emmerton L. Interventions to Assist Health Consumers to Find Reliable Online Health Information: A Comprehensive Review. PLoS ONE 2014; 9(4): e94186. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094186
Cusack L, Del Mar C, Chalmers I, Gibson E, Hoffmann T. Educational interventions to improve people’s understanding of key concepts in assessing the effects of health interventions: a systematic review. Syst Rev. 2018; 7:68.
World Health Organization. (2020). Rational use of personal protective equipment for coronavirus disease (COVID-19): interim guidance, 27 February 2020 (No. WHO/2019-nCov/IPCPPE_use/2020.1). World Health Organization. Assessed 12 April 2020
Kwon JH, Burnham CD, Reske KA, Liang SY, Hink T, Wallace MA, Shupe A,Seiler S, Cass C, Fraser VJ, Dubberke ER. MSPH for the CDC preventionepicenters. Assessment of healthcare worker protocol deviations and self-contaminationduring personal protective equipment donning and doffing. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2017;38(9):1077–83.
World Health Organization: Steps to Take Off Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Including Coverall. WHO/HIS/SDS/2015.4. 2015. http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/150118. Assessesd 20 April 2020.
Casanova LM, Rutala WA, Weber DJ, Sobsey MD. Effect of single- versus double-gloving on virus transfer to health care workers’ skin and clothing during removal of personal protective equipment. Am J Infect Control.2012;40:369 374.
Guo YP, Li Y, Wong PL. Environment and body contamination: a comparison of two different removal methods in three types of personal protective clothing. Am J Infect Control. 2014;42(4):e39–45.
Edmond MB, Diekema DJ, Perencevich EN. Ebola virus disease and the needfor new personal protective equipment. JAMA. 2014;312(23):2495–6.
Okamoto K, Rhee Y, Schoeny M, Lolans K, Cheng J, Reddy S, Weinstein R, Hayden M, Popovich K. Impact of doffing errors on healthcare worker self-contamination when caring for patients on contact precautions. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2019, 209;40:559–565.
Lim SM, Cha WC, Chae MK, Jo IJ. Contamination during doffing of personal protective equipment by healthcare providers. Clin Exp Emerg Med. 2015; 2(3):162–7.