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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Minimal invasive surgery, first introduced in Cameroon in 1992, offers several advantages over open surgery but is not routinely taught during surgical training in developing countries. The European Academy for Gynecological Surgery uses the Laparoscopic Skills Testing and Training method which prepares learners via exercises which serve as a ‘green card” to move to the operating room. In developing countries these complex training systems are often unavailable. A hands-on approach in skills acquisition gives learners the opportunity to learn, apply and practice new skills in a safe environment. A Masters in Laparoscopic Surgery is currently offered by the University of Douala, partnering with Université Libre de Bruxelles supported by the Belgian Government through (Académie de Recherche et l’Enseignement Supérieur) in an attempt to bridge this gap. The training lasts two years with 04 theoretical/simulation sessions in the simulation laboratory during the first year, and four practical sessions in three practicing hospitals in the second year. Overall, 13 doctors were trained in the first batch and at the end were able to perform routine surgeries via laparoscopy and set up practice in distant locations. Training another batch will vulgarize minimal invasive surgery and improve the quality of care in our hospitals. Other countries like Rwanda now use this model.
RÉSUMÉ
La chirurgie mini-invasive, introduite pour la première fois au Cameroun en 1992, offre plusieurs avantages par rapport à la chirurgie classique mais cette dernière n’est pas systématiquement enseignée pendant la formation en technique chirurgicale dans les pays en voie de développement. L’Académie européenne de chirurgie gynécologique utilise des méthodes de formation et des tests de compétence laparoscopique qui préparent les apprenants au travers des exercices servant de « feu vert » pour l’admission au bloc opératoire. Dans les pays en voie de développement, ces systèmes de formation complexes sont souvent indisponibles. Une approche pratique basée sur l’acquisition de compétences donne aux apprenants la possibilité d’apprendre, et de mettre en pratique de nouvelles compétences en toute sécurité. Un master en chirurgie laparoscopique est actuellement proposé par l’Université de Douala au Cameroun, en partenariat avec l’Université Libre de Bruxelles soutenu par le gouvernement belge à travers l’Académie de Recherche et l’Enseignement Supérieur dans le but de combler ce vide. La formation dure 02 ans au cours desquelles 04 séances théoriques sont programmées dans un laboratoire de simulation pendant la première année et 4 séances pratiques dans les hôpitaux d’application durant la 2e année de formation. Au total, 13 médecins ont été formés et ont été capables d’effectuer des chirurgies de routine par laparoscopie, et de les mettre en application dans des zones reculées. La formation d’autres promotions vulgarisera la chirurgie mini-invasive et améliorera la qualité des soins dans nos hôpitaux. Des pays comme le Rwanda utilisent déjà ce modèle.
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References
- Murray A, Lourenco T, de Verteuil R, Hernandez R, Fraser C, McKinley A, et al. Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer: systematic reviews and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. nov 2006;10(45):1‑141, iii‑iv.
- Aggarwal R, Moorthy K, Darzi A. Laparoscopic skills training and assessment. Br J Surg. déc 2004;91(12):1549‑58.
- Subramonian K, Muir G. The ‘learning curve’ in surgery: what is it, how do we measure it and can we influence it? BJU International. 2004;93(9):1173‑4.
- Campo R, Wattiez A, Wilde RLD, Sanabria CRM. Training in laparoscopic surgery: From the lab to the or. Slovenian Journal of Public Health. 1 oct 2012;51(4):285‑98.
- Mori T, Hatano N, Maruyama S, Atomi Y. Significance of « hands-on training » in laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. mars 1998;12(3):256‑60.
- Neng H, Ngalame A, Rakya I, Limgba A, Ebimbe J, Souopgui J, et al. MINIMAL INVASIVE SURGERY (MIS) ARES 2016-TRAINING CURRICULUM PROGRAM IN CAMEROON: ASSESSING ITS APPLICATION IN GYNAECOLOGY TWO YEARS AFTER IMPLEMENTATION AT DGOPH. 2020;8(8):14.
- Raiga J, Kasia JM, Bruhat MA. Laparoscopic surgery in the Cameroon. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. avr 1999;65(1):65‑6.
- Mboudou E, Morfaw FL, Foumane P, Sama JD, Mbatsogo BAE, Minkande JZ. Gynaecological laparoscopic surgery: eight years experience in the Yaoundé Gynaeco-Obstetric and Paediatric Hospital, Cameroon. Trop Doct. 1 avr 2014;44(2):71‑6.
- Beard JH, Akoko L, Mwanga A, Mkony C, O’Sullivan P. Manual Laparoscopic Skills Development Using a Low-Cost Trainer Box in Tanzania. Journal of Surgical Education. 1 janv 2014;71(1):85‑90.
- Okrainec A, Smith L, Azzie G. Surgical simulation in Africa: the feasibility and impact of a 3-day fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery course. Surgical endoscopy. 2009;23(11):2493‑8.
- Wilkinson E, Aruparayil N, Gnanaraj J, Brown J, Jayne D. Barriers to training in laparoscopic surgery in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Trop Doct. juill 2021;51(3):408‑14.
- Apostolou C, Panieri E. National survey of surgeons’ attitudes to laparoscopic surgical training in South Africa. S Afr J Surg. août 2007;45(3):86, 88, 90‑1.
- Kang MJ, Apea-Kubi KB, Apea-Kubi KAK, Adoula NG, Odonkor JNN, Ogoe AK. Establishing a Sustainable Training Program for Laparoscopy in Resource-Limited Settings: Experience in Ghana. Ann Glob Health. 30 juill 2020;86(1):89.
- Shetty S, Zevin B, Grantcharov TP, Roberts KE, Duffy AJ. Perceptions, training experiences, and preferences of surgical residents toward laparoscopic simulation training: a resident survey. J Surg Educ. 2014;71(5):727‑33.
- Alfa-Wali M, Osaghae S. Practice, training and safety of laparoscopic surgery in low and middle-income countries. World J Gastrointest Surg. 27 janv 2017;9(1):13‑8.
References
Murray A, Lourenco T, de Verteuil R, Hernandez R, Fraser C, McKinley A, et al. Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer: systematic reviews and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. nov 2006;10(45):1‑141, iii‑iv.
Aggarwal R, Moorthy K, Darzi A. Laparoscopic skills training and assessment. Br J Surg. déc 2004;91(12):1549‑58.
Subramonian K, Muir G. The ‘learning curve’ in surgery: what is it, how do we measure it and can we influence it? BJU International. 2004;93(9):1173‑4.
Campo R, Wattiez A, Wilde RLD, Sanabria CRM. Training in laparoscopic surgery: From the lab to the or. Slovenian Journal of Public Health. 1 oct 2012;51(4):285‑98.
Mori T, Hatano N, Maruyama S, Atomi Y. Significance of « hands-on training » in laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. mars 1998;12(3):256‑60.
Neng H, Ngalame A, Rakya I, Limgba A, Ebimbe J, Souopgui J, et al. MINIMAL INVASIVE SURGERY (MIS) ARES 2016-TRAINING CURRICULUM PROGRAM IN CAMEROON: ASSESSING ITS APPLICATION IN GYNAECOLOGY TWO YEARS AFTER IMPLEMENTATION AT DGOPH. 2020;8(8):14.
Raiga J, Kasia JM, Bruhat MA. Laparoscopic surgery in the Cameroon. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. avr 1999;65(1):65‑6.
Mboudou E, Morfaw FL, Foumane P, Sama JD, Mbatsogo BAE, Minkande JZ. Gynaecological laparoscopic surgery: eight years experience in the Yaoundé Gynaeco-Obstetric and Paediatric Hospital, Cameroon. Trop Doct. 1 avr 2014;44(2):71‑6.
Beard JH, Akoko L, Mwanga A, Mkony C, O’Sullivan P. Manual Laparoscopic Skills Development Using a Low-Cost Trainer Box in Tanzania. Journal of Surgical Education. 1 janv 2014;71(1):85‑90.
Okrainec A, Smith L, Azzie G. Surgical simulation in Africa: the feasibility and impact of a 3-day fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery course. Surgical endoscopy. 2009;23(11):2493‑8.
Wilkinson E, Aruparayil N, Gnanaraj J, Brown J, Jayne D. Barriers to training in laparoscopic surgery in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Trop Doct. juill 2021;51(3):408‑14.
Apostolou C, Panieri E. National survey of surgeons’ attitudes to laparoscopic surgical training in South Africa. S Afr J Surg. août 2007;45(3):86, 88, 90‑1.
Kang MJ, Apea-Kubi KB, Apea-Kubi KAK, Adoula NG, Odonkor JNN, Ogoe AK. Establishing a Sustainable Training Program for Laparoscopy in Resource-Limited Settings: Experience in Ghana. Ann Glob Health. 30 juill 2020;86(1):89.
Shetty S, Zevin B, Grantcharov TP, Roberts KE, Duffy AJ. Perceptions, training experiences, and preferences of surgical residents toward laparoscopic simulation training: a resident survey. J Surg Educ. 2014;71(5):727‑33.
Alfa-Wali M, Osaghae S. Practice, training and safety of laparoscopic surgery in low and middle-income countries. World J Gastrointest Surg. 27 janv 2017;9(1):13‑8.