Main Article Content
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate ocular manifestations and treatment of patients with ocular involvement in toxic epidermolysis disease spectrum.
METHODS. We retrospectively reviewed the files of patient’s diagnosed toxic epidermal necrolysis or Lyells disease / Stevens Johnson Syndrome attending the Ophthalmology Unit in the University Hospital center in Yaoundé (CHUY) from 2005 to 2011. The outcome measure were etiological factors causing Stevens Johnson syndrome / Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), the pattern of ocular lesions and the management.
RESULTS: Sixteen patients were managed. All patients had bilateral involvement but with asymmetrical presentations with a higher female representation (sex ratio F/M of 2:2) . Three of these were known HIV infected and were taking antiretroviral drugs. The mean times lag from onset of symptoms to the ophthalmologist consultation was 14.91 days (range 5 -35 days). Lids involvement was noted in 87, 50 % of cases followed by infections in 68, 75% of cases. All patients were managed medically with topical antibiotics and local anesthetic with preservatives. The most frequently identified possible cause was the antimalarial drugs in 50% of cases.
CONCLUSION: Toxic epidermolysis should be considered as an ocular emergency to be presented to ophthalmologist as soon as the diagnosis is made. Preservatives free antibiotics should be used to reduce the local toxicity of the ocular surface.
RÉSUMÉ
OBJECTIF : Évaluer les manifestations oculaires et leur prise en charge chez un groupe de patients diagnostiqués comme toxidermies médicamenteuses, nécrolyses épidermiques toxiques ou Lyell et /ou Syndrome Stevens-Johnson.
MÉTHODE. Revue rétrospective des dossiers de patients diagnostiqués comme épidermolyses toxiques / syndrome Stevens Johnson et ayant été reçu dans le service d’Ophtalmologie du Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Yaoundé entre 2005 et 2011. Les paramètres étudiés étaient les facteurs étiologiques des toxidermies, Stevens Johnson Syndrome / Toxic epidermal necrolysis, la présentation clinique oculaire et la prise en charge.
RÉSULTATS 16 patients ont été pris en charge avec un sexe ratio de 2:2 en faveur des femmes. Tout les cas étaient bilatéraux mais asymétriques à la présentation. Trois patients étaient connus immunodéprimés sous antirétroviraux. Le temps moyen écoulé entre le début des symptômes et l’arrivée chez l’ophtalmologue était de 14.91 jours (range 5-35 jours). Les manifestations palpébrales étaient présentes dans 87,50%, suivies des infections dans 68,75 % des cases. Tous les patients ont reçu un traitement médical conservateur avec des antibiotiques topiques et des anesthésiques locaux contenant des conservateurs. Les antipaludéens étaient les médicaments les plus incriminés (50.25% de cas°.
CONCLUSION Les toxidermies médicamenteuses sont des urgences ophtalmologiques à référer à un ophtalmologiste des que le diagnostic est posé. L’utilisation des antibiotiques sans conservateurs est une priorité pour éviter la toxicité de la surface oculaire.
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References
- Roujeau JC, Phlippoteau C, Koso M, Wechsler J. et al . Séquelles oculaires et syndrome sec au de cours du syndrome de Lyell. Ann Dermatol Venereol, 1985; 112: 883-888.
- Bachot N, Roujeau JC. Differential diagnosis of severe cutaneous drug eruptions. Am J Clin dermatol 2003; 4 561-72.
- Roujeau JC, Bonnetblanc JM, Schmutz JL, Crickx B . Iatrogénie Diagnostic et prévention Toxidermie médicamenteuses. Ann Dermatol Venereol, 2002;129:163-169
- Lopez Garcia JS, Jara LR, Garcia Lozano CI, Conesa E et al Ocular features and histopathologic changes during Follow up of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis AA0 2010
- Kompella VB, Sangwan VS, Bansal AK, Garg P.et al . Ophthalmic complications and management of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome at a tertiary eye care centre in South India Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 2002; 50:283-286
- Victoria De Rojas M, Dart J KG, Saw VPJ. The natural history of Stevens-Johnson syndrome: patterns of chronic ocular disease and the role of systemic immunosuppressive therapy Br J Ophtalmol 2007; 91:1048-1053.
- Sotozono C, Ang LP, Koizumi N, et al. New grading system for the evaluation of chronic ocular manifestations in patients with Stevens-Johnson. Ophthalmology 2007;114:1294-302.
- ROUJEAU JC . Nécrolyse épidermique (syndromes de Lyell et de Stevens-Johnson)mis à jour 2008-10 : Thérapeutique dermatologique, Médecine-Sciences Flammarion
- Roujeau JC, Kelly J, Naldi L ET Coll-Medication use and risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1600-1607.
- Kuaban C, Bercion R, Koulla-Shiro S- HIV Sero prevalence rate and incidence of adverse skin reaction in adults with pulmonary tuberculosis receiving thiacetazone free anti-tuberculosis treatment in Yaoundé, Cameroon.East Afr Med J 1997; 74 474-477.
- Pitche P, Mouzou T, Padonou C, Tchangai-Walla K :Syndrome de Stevens Johnson et de Lyell après la prise de Rifampicine – Isoniazide chez 8 malades infectés par le VIH au Togo Med Trop 2005 ;65 : 359- 362
- Moussala M, Behar-Cohen F, P. Dighiero , Renard G. Le syndrome de Lyell et ses manifestations ophtalmologiques en milieu camerounais J Fr. Ophtalmol., 2000; 23, 3, 229-237
- Saiag P, Roujeau JC., Touraine R.: Syndrome de Lyell . Rev Prat (Paris) 1988 38 (23): 1617-22
- Yip LW, Thong BY, Lim J, Tan AW et al . Ocular manifestations and complications of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis : an Asian serie. Allergy 2007; 62 527-531
- Tracey Brown-Maher, Khue Nguyen. Une revue du syndrome de Stevens-Johnson et de la nécrolyse épidermique toxique. Dermatologie conférences scientifiques ; 2005 ; Centre Universitaire de Santé Mac Gill
- Chang YS, Huang FC, Tseng SH, et al. Erythema multiforme, - Stevens -Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis : acute ocular manifestations, causes, and management. Cornea 2007; 26 (2) 123-9
- Siah S., Baite A., Bakkali H., Atmani M., Ababou K., Ihrai H Prise en charge du syndrome de lyell ou necrolyse epidermique toxique Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters 2009 22;3 142-146
- Hellgren U, Rombo L, Berg B. Adverse reactions to sulphadoxine pyrimethamine in Swedish travelers /implication for prophylaxis. Br Med J 1987; 285: 365-366.
- Boni S Kouassi Gk Les atteintes oculaires de la necrolyse épidermique toxique au CHU de Treichville Médecine d Afrique noire 2010 ; 57( 8-9) 401- 6
- Morales EM, Purdue GF, Verity SM Brett DA et al Pththalmic manifestation of stevens Johnson syndrome and toxic Epidermal necrolysis and relation to SCORTEN American journal ofd ophthalmology 2010 ;50(4): 505- 10
- Williams GP , Mudhar HS, Leyland M : Early pathological features of the cornea in toxic epidermal necrolysis Br J Ophtalmol 2007; 91:1129-1132
- Sotozono C, Ueta M, , Koizumi N, , , Inatomi T, Shirakata Y, , kezawa,Z, ,Hashimoto K, , Shiheru K, . Diagnostis and Treatment of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis with Ocular complications Ophthalmology 2009;116:685-690
- Power WJ, Ghoraishi M, Merayo-Lloves J, Neves RA, Foster CS Analysis of the acute ophthalmic manifestations of the erythema multiforme/:Stevens-Johnson syndrome:/toxic epidermal necrolysis disease spectrum. Ophthalmology 1985;102(11):1669-1676..
- Gueudry J, Roujeau JC, Binaghi M, Soubrane G, Marc Muraine M. Risk Factors for the Development of Ocular Complications of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Arch Dermatol 2009 ; 145 (2) 157-162
- Arstikaitis MJ. Ocular aftermath of Stevens-Johnson syndrome Review of 33 cases Arch Ophtalmol 1973; 90 376-379.
- Baudouin C. Allergic reaction to topical eye drops. Curr Opinion Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 3 (5) 459 – 463
- Furera P Mayera JM Gurnyb R ocular tolerance of preservatives and alternatives. European journal of Pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics 2002; 53: 263-80
- Geerling G, Daniels JT, Dart JK, Cree IA, Khaw PT. Toxicity of natural tear substitutes in a fully defined culture model of human corneal epithelial cells. Vis Invest Ophtalmol Sci 2001; 42:948-956.
- Maya C Shammas, Lai EC, Sarkar SJ , Yang J Management of acute Stevens Johnson syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis utilizing Amnioticmembrane and Topical Corticosteroids American journal of ophthalmology 2010; 149 (2) 203- 13
- Yip LW, Thong BY, Tan AW, Khin LW, Heng WJ. High Dose intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis a study of ocular benefit. Eye 2005; 19 8 846- 853
- Muraine M ,Guedry J, Toubeau D. Advantages of amniotic membrane transplantation in eye surface diseases. JFO 2006 ; 29 9 1070- 1083
- Brousseau B, Delcampe A, Gueudry J, Laroche JM, Brasseur G. Long Term evaluation of gas-permeable scleral contact lens in the management of severe ocular surface disease after Lyell and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome. J FO 2007; 30 2 217- 219.
- Yamane Y, Aihara M, Ikezawa Z. Analysis of Stevens Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in Japan from 2000 to 2006 Allergol Int 2007;56:419-25
References
Roujeau JC, Phlippoteau C, Koso M, Wechsler J. et al . Séquelles oculaires et syndrome sec au de cours du syndrome de Lyell. Ann Dermatol Venereol, 1985; 112: 883-888.
Bachot N, Roujeau JC. Differential diagnosis of severe cutaneous drug eruptions. Am J Clin dermatol 2003; 4 561-72.
Roujeau JC, Bonnetblanc JM, Schmutz JL, Crickx B . Iatrogénie Diagnostic et prévention Toxidermie médicamenteuses. Ann Dermatol Venereol, 2002;129:163-169
Lopez Garcia JS, Jara LR, Garcia Lozano CI, Conesa E et al Ocular features and histopathologic changes during Follow up of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis AA0 2010
Kompella VB, Sangwan VS, Bansal AK, Garg P.et al . Ophthalmic complications and management of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome at a tertiary eye care centre in South India Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 2002; 50:283-286
Victoria De Rojas M, Dart J KG, Saw VPJ. The natural history of Stevens-Johnson syndrome: patterns of chronic ocular disease and the role of systemic immunosuppressive therapy Br J Ophtalmol 2007; 91:1048-1053.
Sotozono C, Ang LP, Koizumi N, et al. New grading system for the evaluation of chronic ocular manifestations in patients with Stevens-Johnson. Ophthalmology 2007;114:1294-302.
ROUJEAU JC . Nécrolyse épidermique (syndromes de Lyell et de Stevens-Johnson)mis à jour 2008-10 : Thérapeutique dermatologique, Médecine-Sciences Flammarion
Roujeau JC, Kelly J, Naldi L ET Coll-Medication use and risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1600-1607.
Kuaban C, Bercion R, Koulla-Shiro S- HIV Sero prevalence rate and incidence of adverse skin reaction in adults with pulmonary tuberculosis receiving thiacetazone free anti-tuberculosis treatment in Yaoundé, Cameroon.East Afr Med J 1997; 74 474-477.
Pitche P, Mouzou T, Padonou C, Tchangai-Walla K :Syndrome de Stevens Johnson et de Lyell après la prise de Rifampicine – Isoniazide chez 8 malades infectés par le VIH au Togo Med Trop 2005 ;65 : 359- 362
Moussala M, Behar-Cohen F, P. Dighiero , Renard G. Le syndrome de Lyell et ses manifestations ophtalmologiques en milieu camerounais J Fr. Ophtalmol., 2000; 23, 3, 229-237
Saiag P, Roujeau JC., Touraine R.: Syndrome de Lyell . Rev Prat (Paris) 1988 38 (23): 1617-22
Yip LW, Thong BY, Lim J, Tan AW et al . Ocular manifestations and complications of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis : an Asian serie. Allergy 2007; 62 527-531
Tracey Brown-Maher, Khue Nguyen. Une revue du syndrome de Stevens-Johnson et de la nécrolyse épidermique toxique. Dermatologie conférences scientifiques ; 2005 ; Centre Universitaire de Santé Mac Gill
Chang YS, Huang FC, Tseng SH, et al. Erythema multiforme, - Stevens -Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis : acute ocular manifestations, causes, and management. Cornea 2007; 26 (2) 123-9
Siah S., Baite A., Bakkali H., Atmani M., Ababou K., Ihrai H Prise en charge du syndrome de lyell ou necrolyse epidermique toxique Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters 2009 22;3 142-146
Hellgren U, Rombo L, Berg B. Adverse reactions to sulphadoxine pyrimethamine in Swedish travelers /implication for prophylaxis. Br Med J 1987; 285: 365-366.
Boni S Kouassi Gk Les atteintes oculaires de la necrolyse épidermique toxique au CHU de Treichville Médecine d Afrique noire 2010 ; 57( 8-9) 401- 6
Morales EM, Purdue GF, Verity SM Brett DA et al Pththalmic manifestation of stevens Johnson syndrome and toxic Epidermal necrolysis and relation to SCORTEN American journal ofd ophthalmology 2010 ;50(4): 505- 10
Williams GP , Mudhar HS, Leyland M : Early pathological features of the cornea in toxic epidermal necrolysis Br J Ophtalmol 2007; 91:1129-1132
Sotozono C, Ueta M, , Koizumi N, , , Inatomi T, Shirakata Y, , kezawa,Z, ,Hashimoto K, , Shiheru K, . Diagnostis and Treatment of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis with Ocular complications Ophthalmology 2009;116:685-690
Power WJ, Ghoraishi M, Merayo-Lloves J, Neves RA, Foster CS Analysis of the acute ophthalmic manifestations of the erythema multiforme/:Stevens-Johnson syndrome:/toxic epidermal necrolysis disease spectrum. Ophthalmology 1985;102(11):1669-1676..
Gueudry J, Roujeau JC, Binaghi M, Soubrane G, Marc Muraine M. Risk Factors for the Development of Ocular Complications of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Arch Dermatol 2009 ; 145 (2) 157-162
Arstikaitis MJ. Ocular aftermath of Stevens-Johnson syndrome Review of 33 cases Arch Ophtalmol 1973; 90 376-379.
Baudouin C. Allergic reaction to topical eye drops. Curr Opinion Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 3 (5) 459 – 463
Furera P Mayera JM Gurnyb R ocular tolerance of preservatives and alternatives. European journal of Pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics 2002; 53: 263-80
Geerling G, Daniels JT, Dart JK, Cree IA, Khaw PT. Toxicity of natural tear substitutes in a fully defined culture model of human corneal epithelial cells. Vis Invest Ophtalmol Sci 2001; 42:948-956.
Maya C Shammas, Lai EC, Sarkar SJ , Yang J Management of acute Stevens Johnson syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis utilizing Amnioticmembrane and Topical Corticosteroids American journal of ophthalmology 2010; 149 (2) 203- 13
Yip LW, Thong BY, Tan AW, Khin LW, Heng WJ. High Dose intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis a study of ocular benefit. Eye 2005; 19 8 846- 853
Muraine M ,Guedry J, Toubeau D. Advantages of amniotic membrane transplantation in eye surface diseases. JFO 2006 ; 29 9 1070- 1083
Brousseau B, Delcampe A, Gueudry J, Laroche JM, Brasseur G. Long Term evaluation of gas-permeable scleral contact lens in the management of severe ocular surface disease after Lyell and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome. J FO 2007; 30 2 217- 219.
Yamane Y, Aihara M, Ikezawa Z. Analysis of Stevens Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in Japan from 2000 to 2006 Allergol Int 2007;56:419-25