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Abstract
RÉSUMÉ
Le dépistage de 90% de toutes les personnes vivant avec le VIH d’ici 2020 est le premier objectif de l’initiative « 90-90-90 » déclinée par l’ONUSIDA. L’autotest VIH constitue une stratégie complémentaire nouvelle pour le dépistage du VIH au sein de la population générale et des groupes à risque [professionnel(les) du sexe et leurs clients, hommes ayant des rapports sexuels avec des hommes, jeunes adolescents]. En Afrique, les premières études pilotes, principalement menées dans plusieurs pays anglophones, démontrent de bonnes acceptabilité, praticabilité et d’excellentes performances cliniques de l’autotest VIH. Des stratégies novatrices comme la traduction des notices d’utilisation de l’autotest VIH en langues vernaculaires associée à des pictogrammes pédagogiques devront être mises en œuvre et évaluées en Afrique subsaharienne pour le développement de l’autotest VIH.
ABSTRACT
HIV self-testing constitutes a new complementary strategy for HIV testing for general populations as well as "key" populations such as sex workers and their clients, men who have sex with men, and young people, which may be used to reach the 90-90-90 UNAIDS objectives by 2020. In Africa, many pilot studies have been conducted mainly in English-speaking countries demonstrating high acceptability, practicability and clinical performance of HIV self-testing. Innovative strategies including the translation of HIV self-test notice in vernacular languages in association with educational pictograms should be developed and evaluated in sub-Saharan Africa to implement HIV self-testing.
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References
- AIDS changed everything – MDG6: 15 years, 15 lessons of hope from the AIDS response. Genève: UNAIDS, 2015. http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/MDG6Report_fr.pdf. (last access April 2017).
- Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. Prevention gap report. Geneva: UNAIDS, 2016. http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2016/prevention-gap , (last access April 2017).
- Kalichman SC, Simbayi LC. HIV testing attitudes, AIDS stigma, and voluntary HIV counselling and testing in a black township in Cape Town, South Africa. Sex Transm Infect 2003 ; 79 : 442-7.
- Meiberg AE, Bos AE, Onya HE, Schaalma HP. Fear of stigmatization as barrier to voluntary HIV counselling and testing in South Africa. East Afr J Public Health 2008 ; 5 : 49-54.
- World Health Organization & UNITAID. Technology Landscape, HIV rapid diagnostic tests for self-testing, Jully 2016, Second Edition, Geneva : WHO & UNITAID, 2016. http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/vct/hiv-selftesting-2016-secondedition/en/ (last access March 2017).
- World Health Organization & UNITAID. Technology Landscape, HIV rapid diagnostic tests for self-testing, December 2016, Semi-annual update. Geneva : WHO & UNITAID, 2016. http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/vct/hiv-self-testing-2016-december-edition/en/ (last access March 2017).
- Johnson C, Baggaley R, Forsythe S, et al. Realizing the potential for HIV self-testing. AIDS Behav 2014 ; 18 : S391-5.
- World Health Organization. WHO recommends HIV self-testing Policy brief. Geneva : WHO 2016. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/251549/1/WHO-HIV-2016.21-eng.pdf?ua=1 (last access May 2017).
- World Health Organization. Supplement. Guidelines on HIV self-testing and partner notification. Supplement to consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services. Geneva : WHO 2016. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/251655/1/9789241549868-eng.pdf (last access March 2017).
- World Health Organization. Report on the first international symposium on self-testing for HIV: The legal, ethical, gender, human rights and public health implications of self-testing scale-up. Meeting report - Geneva, Switzerland. 8-9 April 2013. Geneva : WHO 2013. http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/vct/self_test/en/ (last access March 2017).
- Witzel TC, Weatherburn P, Burns FM, Johnson C, Figueroa C, Rodger AJ. Consolidating emerging evidence surrounding HIVST and HIVSS: a rapid systematic mapping protocol. Syst Rev 2017 ; 6 : 72.
- Myers JE, El-Sadr WM, Zerbe A, Branson BM. Rapid HIV self-testing: long in coming but opportunities beckon. AIDS 2013 ; 27 : 1687–95.
- Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. Voluntary counselling and testing (VCT). UNAIDS technical update. Geneva: UNAIDS, 2000. http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/dataimport/publications/irc-pub01/jc379-vct_en.pdf (last access March 2017).
- World Health Organization. HIVST NEWS, Evidence Map. http://HIVST.org (last access May 2017).
- World Health Organization. HIVST NEWS, HIV self-test are now available in pharmacies in Kenya. http://HIVST.org (last access May 2017).
- Kalibala S, Tun W, Cherutich P, Nganga A, Oweya E, Oluoch P. Factors associated with acceptability of HIV self-testing among health care workers in Kenya. AIDS Behav 2014 ; 18 : S405-14.
- Target product profile: HIV self-test version 4.1: a white paper on the evaluation of current HIV rapid tests and development of core specifications for next-generation HIV tests. Seattle: PATH; 2014 http://www.path.org/publications/files/TS_hiv_self_test_tpp.pdf (last access April 2017).
- World Health Organization & UNITAID. MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY LANDSCAPE. HIV rapid diagnostic tests for self-testing, 3rd Edition. July 2017. Available at https://unitaid.eu/assets/HIV-Rapid-Diagnostic-Tests-for-Self-Testing_Landscape-Report_3rd-edition_July-2017.pdf (last access September 2017).
- WHO In Vitro Diagnostics Programme. Analyse annuelle des IVD proposés par les agences de l'ONU, le Fonds mondial et le SCMS. Genève: World Health Organization; 2015.
- World Health Organization. UNITAID and Global Fund expert panel approves the first HIV sel-testing product. Geneva: WHO 2017. http://who.int/hiv/mediacentre/news/UNITAID-GlobalFund-approve-selftest/en/ (last access May 2017).
- World Health Organization. Expanding access to HIV self-testing. WHO 2016. http://psiimpact.com/2016/11/expanding-access-to-hiv-self-testing/ (last access May 2017).
- Food and Drug Administration. Summary of safetyness and effectiveness. Rockville : FDA, 2012. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/BloodBloodProductsApprovedProducts/PremarketApprovalsPMAs/UCM312534.pdf (last access April 2017).
- Prazuck T, Karon S, Gubavu C, et al. A finger-stick whole-blood HIV self-test as an HIV screening tool adapted to the general public. PLoS one 2016 ; 11 : e0146755.
- World Health Organization (WHO). WHO prequalification: Sample product dossier for an IVD intended for HIV self-testing. SIMU™ self-test for HIV 12O working document. Geneva : WHO 2015. http://www.who.int/sample_dos_self_testinghiv_for_public_c__comment_v1_pdf (last access February 2017).
- World Health Organization. Technical specification series for submission to WHO prequalification – Diagnostic Assessment. TSS-1: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) rapid diagnostic tests for professional and/or self-testing. Geneva: WHO 2016. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/251857/1/9789241511742-eng.pdf?ua=1 (last access March 2017).
- Tonen-Wolyec S, Batina-Agasa S, Muwonga J, Fwamba N'kulu F, Mboumba Bouassa RS, Bélec L. Evaluation of the practicability and virological performance of finger-stick whole-blood HIV self-testing in French-speaking sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS One. 2018 Jan 10;13(1):e0189475
- Grésenguet G, Longo JD, Tonen-Wolyec S, et al. Acceptability and usability evaluation of finger-stick whole blood HIV self-test as an HIV screening tool adapted to general public in the Central African Republic. Open AIDS J 2017 ; 11 : 101-118
- Battye R, Hintze MA, Rowlett P. Sociolinguistics and present the varieties of French. In: Battye R, Hintze MA, Rowlett P. The French language today: A linguistic introduction. New-York, Routledge, 2000, pp. 257-310.
- Pant Pai N, Sharma J, Shivkumar S, et al. Peeling RW. Supervised and unsupervised self-testing for HIV in high- and low-risk populations: a systematic review. PLoS Med 2013 ; 10 : e1001414.
- Mbopi-Keou FX, Ndjoyi-Mbiguino A, Talla F, et al. Association of inconclusive sera for human immunodeficiency virus infection with malaria and Epstein-Barr virus infection in Central Africa. J Clin Microbiol 2014 ; 52 : 660-2.
- Shank L, Klarkowski D, O’Brien DP. False positive HIV diagnoses in resource limited settings: operational lessons learned for HIV programmes. PLoS Med 2013 ; 8 : e59906.
- Jaspard M, Le Moal G, Saberan-Roncato M, et al. Finger-stick whole blood HIV-1/-2 home-use tests are more sensitive than oral fluid-based in-home HIV tests. PLoS one 2014 ; 9 : e101148.
- Choko AT, MacPherson P, Webb EL, et al. Uptake, accuracy, safety, and linkage into care over two years of promoting annual self-testing for HIV in Blantyre, Malawi: A community-based prospective study. PLoS Med 2015 ; 12 : e1001873.
- Sharma M, Ying R, Tarr G, Barnabas R. Systematic review and meta-analysis of community and facility-based HIV testing to address linkage to care gaps in sub-Saharan Africa. Nature 2015 ; 528 : S77–85.
- Chipungu J, Bosomprah S, Zanolini A, et al. Understanding linkage to care with HIV self-test approach in Lusaka, Zambia - A mixed method approach. PLoS one 2017 ; 12(11) : e0187998.
- Mbeko Simaleko M, Camengo Police SM, Sana Ifolo MC, Kémata B, Gresenguet G, Belec L, Clucmeck N, Humblet P, Piètte D, Gulbis B. Interventions préventives intégrées au près d’une cohorte d’Hommes ayant des rapports sexuels avec les Hommes(HSH) à Bangui, République Centrafricaine. In: Alliance Francophone des Acteurs de santé contre le VIH (AFRAVIH 2016). Livre des résumés posters 8ème CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE FRANCOPHONE VIH/HÉPATITES AFRAVIH 2016. 20 au 23 avril 2016 Le Square-Bruxelles.
- Longo JD, Simaléko MM, Ngbale R, Grésenguet G, Brücker G, Bélec L Spectrum of female commercial sex work in Bangui, Central African Republic. SAHARA J. 2017 Dec;14(1):171-184.
- Longo JD, Simaleko MM, Diemer HS, Grésenguet G, Brücker G, Belec L Risk factors for HIV infection among female sex workers in Bangui, Central African Republic. PLoS One. 2017 Nov 6;12(11):e0187654.
References
AIDS changed everything – MDG6: 15 years, 15 lessons of hope from the AIDS response. Genève: UNAIDS, 2015. http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/MDG6Report_fr.pdf. (last access April 2017).
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. Prevention gap report. Geneva: UNAIDS, 2016. http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2016/prevention-gap , (last access April 2017).
Kalichman SC, Simbayi LC. HIV testing attitudes, AIDS stigma, and voluntary HIV counselling and testing in a black township in Cape Town, South Africa. Sex Transm Infect 2003 ; 79 : 442-7.
Meiberg AE, Bos AE, Onya HE, Schaalma HP. Fear of stigmatization as barrier to voluntary HIV counselling and testing in South Africa. East Afr J Public Health 2008 ; 5 : 49-54.
World Health Organization & UNITAID. Technology Landscape, HIV rapid diagnostic tests for self-testing, Jully 2016, Second Edition, Geneva : WHO & UNITAID, 2016. http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/vct/hiv-selftesting-2016-secondedition/en/ (last access March 2017).
World Health Organization & UNITAID. Technology Landscape, HIV rapid diagnostic tests for self-testing, December 2016, Semi-annual update. Geneva : WHO & UNITAID, 2016. http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/vct/hiv-self-testing-2016-december-edition/en/ (last access March 2017).
Johnson C, Baggaley R, Forsythe S, et al. Realizing the potential for HIV self-testing. AIDS Behav 2014 ; 18 : S391-5.
World Health Organization. WHO recommends HIV self-testing Policy brief. Geneva : WHO 2016. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/251549/1/WHO-HIV-2016.21-eng.pdf?ua=1 (last access May 2017).
World Health Organization. Supplement. Guidelines on HIV self-testing and partner notification. Supplement to consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services. Geneva : WHO 2016. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/251655/1/9789241549868-eng.pdf (last access March 2017).
World Health Organization. Report on the first international symposium on self-testing for HIV: The legal, ethical, gender, human rights and public health implications of self-testing scale-up. Meeting report - Geneva, Switzerland. 8-9 April 2013. Geneva : WHO 2013. http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/vct/self_test/en/ (last access March 2017).
Witzel TC, Weatherburn P, Burns FM, Johnson C, Figueroa C, Rodger AJ. Consolidating emerging evidence surrounding HIVST and HIVSS: a rapid systematic mapping protocol. Syst Rev 2017 ; 6 : 72.
Myers JE, El-Sadr WM, Zerbe A, Branson BM. Rapid HIV self-testing: long in coming but opportunities beckon. AIDS 2013 ; 27 : 1687–95.
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. Voluntary counselling and testing (VCT). UNAIDS technical update. Geneva: UNAIDS, 2000. http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/dataimport/publications/irc-pub01/jc379-vct_en.pdf (last access March 2017).
World Health Organization. HIVST NEWS, Evidence Map. http://HIVST.org (last access May 2017).
World Health Organization. HIVST NEWS, HIV self-test are now available in pharmacies in Kenya. http://HIVST.org (last access May 2017).
Kalibala S, Tun W, Cherutich P, Nganga A, Oweya E, Oluoch P. Factors associated with acceptability of HIV self-testing among health care workers in Kenya. AIDS Behav 2014 ; 18 : S405-14.
Target product profile: HIV self-test version 4.1: a white paper on the evaluation of current HIV rapid tests and development of core specifications for next-generation HIV tests. Seattle: PATH; 2014 http://www.path.org/publications/files/TS_hiv_self_test_tpp.pdf (last access April 2017).
World Health Organization & UNITAID. MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY LANDSCAPE. HIV rapid diagnostic tests for self-testing, 3rd Edition. July 2017. Available at https://unitaid.eu/assets/HIV-Rapid-Diagnostic-Tests-for-Self-Testing_Landscape-Report_3rd-edition_July-2017.pdf (last access September 2017).
WHO In Vitro Diagnostics Programme. Analyse annuelle des IVD proposés par les agences de l'ONU, le Fonds mondial et le SCMS. Genève: World Health Organization; 2015.
World Health Organization. UNITAID and Global Fund expert panel approves the first HIV sel-testing product. Geneva: WHO 2017. http://who.int/hiv/mediacentre/news/UNITAID-GlobalFund-approve-selftest/en/ (last access May 2017).
World Health Organization. Expanding access to HIV self-testing. WHO 2016. http://psiimpact.com/2016/11/expanding-access-to-hiv-self-testing/ (last access May 2017).
Food and Drug Administration. Summary of safetyness and effectiveness. Rockville : FDA, 2012. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/BloodBloodProductsApprovedProducts/PremarketApprovalsPMAs/UCM312534.pdf (last access April 2017).
Prazuck T, Karon S, Gubavu C, et al. A finger-stick whole-blood HIV self-test as an HIV screening tool adapted to the general public. PLoS one 2016 ; 11 : e0146755.
World Health Organization (WHO). WHO prequalification: Sample product dossier for an IVD intended for HIV self-testing. SIMU™ self-test for HIV 12O working document. Geneva : WHO 2015. http://www.who.int/sample_dos_self_testinghiv_for_public_c__comment_v1_pdf (last access February 2017).
World Health Organization. Technical specification series for submission to WHO prequalification – Diagnostic Assessment. TSS-1: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) rapid diagnostic tests for professional and/or self-testing. Geneva: WHO 2016. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/251857/1/9789241511742-eng.pdf?ua=1 (last access March 2017).
Tonen-Wolyec S, Batina-Agasa S, Muwonga J, Fwamba N'kulu F, Mboumba Bouassa RS, Bélec L. Evaluation of the practicability and virological performance of finger-stick whole-blood HIV self-testing in French-speaking sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS One. 2018 Jan 10;13(1):e0189475
Grésenguet G, Longo JD, Tonen-Wolyec S, et al. Acceptability and usability evaluation of finger-stick whole blood HIV self-test as an HIV screening tool adapted to general public in the Central African Republic. Open AIDS J 2017 ; 11 : 101-118
Battye R, Hintze MA, Rowlett P. Sociolinguistics and present the varieties of French. In: Battye R, Hintze MA, Rowlett P. The French language today: A linguistic introduction. New-York, Routledge, 2000, pp. 257-310.
Pant Pai N, Sharma J, Shivkumar S, et al. Peeling RW. Supervised and unsupervised self-testing for HIV in high- and low-risk populations: a systematic review. PLoS Med 2013 ; 10 : e1001414.
Mbopi-Keou FX, Ndjoyi-Mbiguino A, Talla F, et al. Association of inconclusive sera for human immunodeficiency virus infection with malaria and Epstein-Barr virus infection in Central Africa. J Clin Microbiol 2014 ; 52 : 660-2.
Shank L, Klarkowski D, O’Brien DP. False positive HIV diagnoses in resource limited settings: operational lessons learned for HIV programmes. PLoS Med 2013 ; 8 : e59906.
Jaspard M, Le Moal G, Saberan-Roncato M, et al. Finger-stick whole blood HIV-1/-2 home-use tests are more sensitive than oral fluid-based in-home HIV tests. PLoS one 2014 ; 9 : e101148.
Choko AT, MacPherson P, Webb EL, et al. Uptake, accuracy, safety, and linkage into care over two years of promoting annual self-testing for HIV in Blantyre, Malawi: A community-based prospective study. PLoS Med 2015 ; 12 : e1001873.
Sharma M, Ying R, Tarr G, Barnabas R. Systematic review and meta-analysis of community and facility-based HIV testing to address linkage to care gaps in sub-Saharan Africa. Nature 2015 ; 528 : S77–85.
Chipungu J, Bosomprah S, Zanolini A, et al. Understanding linkage to care with HIV self-test approach in Lusaka, Zambia - A mixed method approach. PLoS one 2017 ; 12(11) : e0187998.
Mbeko Simaleko M, Camengo Police SM, Sana Ifolo MC, Kémata B, Gresenguet G, Belec L, Clucmeck N, Humblet P, Piètte D, Gulbis B. Interventions préventives intégrées au près d’une cohorte d’Hommes ayant des rapports sexuels avec les Hommes(HSH) à Bangui, République Centrafricaine. In: Alliance Francophone des Acteurs de santé contre le VIH (AFRAVIH 2016). Livre des résumés posters 8ème CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE FRANCOPHONE VIH/HÉPATITES AFRAVIH 2016. 20 au 23 avril 2016 Le Square-Bruxelles.
Longo JD, Simaléko MM, Ngbale R, Grésenguet G, Brücker G, Bélec L Spectrum of female commercial sex work in Bangui, Central African Republic. SAHARA J. 2017 Dec;14(1):171-184.
Longo JD, Simaleko MM, Diemer HS, Grésenguet G, Brücker G, Belec L Risk factors for HIV infection among female sex workers in Bangui, Central African Republic. PLoS One. 2017 Nov 6;12(11):e0187654.