Main Article Content
Abstract
RÉSUMÉ
Introduction. Le vaccin anti-Haemophilus a entrainé une baisse sensible des infections sévères dues à cette bactérie dans les pays du Nord. Dans le contexte camerounais, marqué notamment par une prévalence élevée de la malnutrition, source d’une baisse de l’immunité, notre étude s’est proposée d’examiner l’effet de cette vaccination dans la communauté. Objectif. D’écrire l’épidémiologie des méningites pédiatriques après l’introduction de ce vaccin. Méthode. Étude rétrospective examinant le profil bactériologique des méningites purulentes avec en miroir le statut vaccinal des patients. Ce faisant, elle a comparé les patients reçus pendant (2008) et à ceux admis après (2009) la période d’introduction du vaccin. Résultats. 230 dossiers médicaux ont été examinés ; soit 134 en 2008 et 96 en 2009. L’âge des patients variait entre 2-59 mois ; 63,5% et 68,8% étaient âgés de 2-12 mois en 2008 et 2009 respectivement. H. influenzae prédominait (47,0% des souches isolées) en 2008 et majoritairement (63,5%) chez les patients âgés de moins 12 mois. Ensuite venait S. pneumoniae (33,6%), retrouvé chez 31,1% et 68,9% des patients de moins de 12 mois et de 13-59 mois respectivement. En 2009, H. influenzae B n’était plus noté que chez 33,3% des patients; une proportion bien en deçà des chiffres de l’incidence relative du pneumocoque dans la même période (44,8%). La couverture vaccinale était faible; seuls 19,4% des patients avaient reçu au moins une dose du vaccin anti-Haemophilus en 2008 et 45,8% en 2009. Conclusion. L’effet immédiat (dans l’intervalle d’un an) du vaccin anti-Haemophilus était perceptible sur l’incidence hospitalière des méningites pédiatriques.
ABSTRACT
Introduction. Vaccination against Haemophilus has caused significant drop in severe infections caused by these bacteria in the Northern countries. In the Cameroonian context marked by the high prevalence of malnutrition in children, resulting in the drop in their immunity, our study is aimed at examining the effect of the anti-Haemophilus vaccination in the community. Objective. To describe the epidemiology of pediatric meningitis, after the introduction of this vaccine. Method. A retrospective study examining the bacteriologic profile of purulent meningitis with regard of the vaccination status of patients. Patients admitted during the period of introduction of the vaccine (2008) were compared to those admitted after (2009). Results. A total of 230 medical files were examined. There were 134 patients in 2008 and 96 in 2009. Most of them were aged 2-59 months (63.5%) and 2-12 months (68.8%) in 2008 and 2009 respectively. H. influenzae b was predominant (47.0% of the isolated stains) in 2008 and mostly in patients aged < 12 months (63.5%). This was followed by S. pneumoniae (33.6%), found in 31.1% and 68.9% of patients less than 12 months and 13-59 months respectively. In 2009, H. influenzae b was only found in 33.3% patients, far below the relative incidence of pneumococcus (44.8%) in the same period. The vaccination coverage was low; only 19.4% of patients had received at least one dose of the anti-Haemophilus vaccine in 2008 and 45.8% in 2009. Conclusion. The immediate effect (within an interval of one year) of the anti-Haemophilus vaccine was perceptible on the hospital incidence of pediatric meningitis.
Article Details
References
- Watt JP, Wolfson LJ, O’Brien KL, Henkle E, Deloria-Knoll M, McCall N, et al. Burden of disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b in children younger than 5 years: global estimates. Lancet. 12 sept 2009;374(9693):903‑11.
- Bernard-Bonnin A, Ekoe T. Les méningites purulentes de l’enfant à Yaoundé: Aspects épidémiologiques et pronostiques. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1985;65(1):59‑68.
- Taylor HG, Mills EL, Ciampi A, du Berger R, Watters GV, Gold R, et al. The Sequelae of Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis in School-Age Children. N Engl J Med. 13 déc 1990;323(24):1657‑63.
- Ramakrishnan M, Ulland AJ, Steinhardt LC, Moïsi JC, Were F, Levine OS. Sequelae due to bacterial meningitis among African children: a systematic literature review. BMC Med. 14 sept 2009;7(1):47.
- Chandran A, Herbert H, Misurski D, Santosham M. Long-term sequelae of childhood bacterial meningitis: an underappreciated problem. Pediatr Infect Dis J. janv 2011;30(1):3‑6.
- Bari A, Zeeshan F, Zafar A, Ejaz H, Iftikhar A, Rathore AW. Childhood Acute Bacterial Meningitis: Clinical Spectrum, Bacteriological Profile and Outcome. J Coll Physicians Surg--Pak JCPSP. oct 2016;26(10):822‑6.
- Shrestha RG, Tandukar S, Ansari S, Subedi A, Shrestha A, Poudel R, et al. Bacterial meningitis in children under 15 years of age in Nepal. BMC Pediatr. 2015;15:94.
- Chacon-Cruz E, Martinez-Longoria CA, Llausas-Magana E, Luevanos-Velazquez A, Vazquez-Narvaez JA, Beltran S, et al. Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae as leading causes of pediatric bacterial meningitis in nine Mexican hospitals following 3 years of active surveillance. Ther Adv Vaccines. janv 2016;4(1‑2):15‑9.
- MacNeil JR, Cohn AC, Farley M, Mair R, Baumbach J, Bennett N, et al. Current Epidemiology and Trends in Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Disease—United States, 1989–2008. Clin Infect Dis. 15 déc 2011;53(12):1230‑6.
- Massenet D, Birguel J, Azowé F, Ebong C, Gake B, Lombart J-P, et al. Epidemiologic pattern of meningococcal meningitis in northern Cameroon in 2007–2010: contribution of PCR-enhanced surveillance. Pathog Glob Health. janv 2013;107(1):15‑20.
- Sambo L, Chan M, Davis S, Lake A, Berkley S, Poonawalla C, et al. A Vaccine Meets Its Promise: Success in Controlling Epidemic Meningitis in Sub-Saharan Africa. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 15 nov 2015;61(Suppl 5):S387‑8.
- Clere N. La vaccination, véritable enjeu de santé publique. Actual Pharm. janv 2013;52(522):38‑41.
- Ouangraoua S, Schlumberger M, Yaro S, Ouédraogo AS, Sanou S, Drabo A, et al. Impact d’un vaccin conjugué antiméningococcique « A » sur les méningites bactériennes notifiées à l’ouest du Burkina Faso (2009–2012). Bull Société Pathol Exot. 1 févr 2014;107(1):27‑30.
- Nga TT, Nguyen M, Mathisen R, Hoa DT, Minh NH, Berger J, et al. Acceptability and impact on anthropometry of a locally developed Ready-to-use therapeutic food in pre-school children in Vietnam. Nutr J. 15 août 2013;12(1):120.
- Hsu HE, Shutt KA, Moore MR, Beall BW, Bennett NM, Craig AS, et al. Effect of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Pneumococcal Meningitis. N Engl J Med. 15 janv 2009;360(3):244‑56.
- von Gottberg A, Gouveia L de, Madhi SA, du Plessis M, Quan V, Soma K, et al. Impact of conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine introduction in South Africa. Bull World Health Organ. oct 2006;84(10):811‑8.
- Ribeiro GS, Lima JBT, Reis JN, Gouveia EL, Cordeiro SM, Lobo TS, et al. Haemophilus influenzae meningitis 5 years after introduction of the Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in Brazil. Vaccine. 30 mai 2007;25(22):4420‑8.
- von Gottberg A, de Gouveia L, Madhi SA, du Plessis M, Quan V, Soma K, et al. Impact of conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine introduction in South Africa. Bull World Health Organ. oct 2006;84(10):811‑8.
- Sultana NK, Saha SK, Al-Emran HM, Modak JK, Sharker MAY, El-Arifeen S, et al. Impact of introduction of the Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine into childhood immunization on meningitis in Bangladeshi infants. J Pediatr. juill 2013;163(1 Suppl):S73-78.
- Davis S, Feikin D, Johnson HL. The effect of Haemophilus influenzae type B and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on childhood meningitis mortality: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 17 sept 2013;13(Suppl 3):S21.
- Howie SRC, Oluwalana C, Secka O, Scott S, Ideh RC, Ebruke BE, et al. The Effectiveness of Conjugate Haemophilus influenzae Type B Vaccine in The Gambia 14 Years After Introduction. Clin Infect Dis. 12 janv 2013;57(11):1527‑34.
- Massenet D, Tapindjin-Gake M. Positive effect of the introduction of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination in the expanded program on immunization in Cameroon. Vaccine. 7 sept 2010;28(39):6404‑5.
- Marlow R, Muir P, Vipond B, Lyttle M, Trotter C, Finn A. Assessing the impacts of the first year of rotavirus vaccination in the United Kingdom. Euro Surveill Bull Eur Sur Mal Transm Eur Commun Dis Bull. 2015;20(48):30077.
- Ministère de la Santé Publique du Cameroun. Plan d’action du programme pays-Cameroun. 2012.
- Guillot M, Eckart P, Amiour M, El-Hachem C, Paris C, Dabernat H. Méningite bactérienne à Haemophilus influenzae: le risque résiduel ; à propos d’un cas. Arch Pédiatrie. 8(10):1082‑5.
- Ames H, Njang DM, Glenton C, Fretheim A, Kaufman J, Hill S, et al. Mapping how information about childhood vaccination is communicated in two regions of Cameroon: What is done and where are the gaps? BMC Public Health. 2015;15:1264.
- Batuwanthudawe R, Rajapakse L, Somaratne P, Dassanayake M, Abeysinghe N. Incidence of childhood Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in Sri Lanka. Int J Infect Dis. mai 2010;14(5):e372‑6.
- Bijlmer HA, Alphen L van, Greenwood BM, Brown J, Schneider G, Hughes A, et al. The Epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis in Children under Five Years of Age in The Gambia, West Africa. J Infect Dis. 6 janv 1990;161(6):1210‑5.
- Theodoridou MN, Vasilopoulou VA, Atsali EE, Pangalis AM, Mostrou GJ, Syriopoulou VP, et al. Meningitis registry of hospitalized cases in children: epidemiological patterns of acute bacterial meningitis throughout a 32-year period. BMC Infect Dis. 30 août 2007;7:101.
- Martin NG, Sadarangani M, Pollard AJ, Goldacre MJ. Hospital admission rates for meningitis and septicaemia caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae in children in England over five decades: a population-based observational study. Lancet Infect Dis. mai 2014;14(5):397‑405.
- Skoczyńska A, Kadłubowski M, Empel J, Hryniewicz W. Characteristics of Haemophilus influenzae Type b Responsible for Meningitis in Poland from 1997 to 2004. J Clin Microbiol. 11 janv 2005;43(11):5665‑9.
- Ulanova M. Global Epidemiology of Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Type a Disease: Do We Need a New Vaccine? J Vaccines [Internet]. 27 févr 2013 [cité 20 avr 2014];2013. Disponible sur: http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jv/2013/941461/abs/
- Kapogiannis BG, Satola S, Keyserling HL, Farley MM. Invasive Infections with Haemophilus influenzae Serotype a Containing an IS1016-bexA Partial Deletion: Possible Association with Virulence. Clin Infect Dis. 12 janv 2005;41(11):e97‑103.
- Bruce MG, Zulz T, DeByle C, Singleton R, Hurlburt D, Bruden D, et al. Haemophilus influenzae Serotype a Invasive Disease, Alaska, USA, 1983–2011. Emerg Infect Dis. juin 2013;19(6):932‑7.
- Ulanova M, Tsang RSW. Haemophilus influenzae serotype a as a cause of serious invasive infections. Lancet Infect Dis. janv 2014;14(1):70‑82.
- Goetghebuer T, West TE, Wermenbol V, Cadbury AL, Milligan P, Lloyd-Evans N, et al. Outcome of meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b in children in The Gambia. Trop Med Int Health TM IH. mars 2000;5(3):207‑13.
References
Watt JP, Wolfson LJ, O’Brien KL, Henkle E, Deloria-Knoll M, McCall N, et al. Burden of disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b in children younger than 5 years: global estimates. Lancet. 12 sept 2009;374(9693):903‑11.
Bernard-Bonnin A, Ekoe T. Les méningites purulentes de l’enfant à Yaoundé: Aspects épidémiologiques et pronostiques. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1985;65(1):59‑68.
Taylor HG, Mills EL, Ciampi A, du Berger R, Watters GV, Gold R, et al. The Sequelae of Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis in School-Age Children. N Engl J Med. 13 déc 1990;323(24):1657‑63.
Ramakrishnan M, Ulland AJ, Steinhardt LC, Moïsi JC, Were F, Levine OS. Sequelae due to bacterial meningitis among African children: a systematic literature review. BMC Med. 14 sept 2009;7(1):47.
Chandran A, Herbert H, Misurski D, Santosham M. Long-term sequelae of childhood bacterial meningitis: an underappreciated problem. Pediatr Infect Dis J. janv 2011;30(1):3‑6.
Bari A, Zeeshan F, Zafar A, Ejaz H, Iftikhar A, Rathore AW. Childhood Acute Bacterial Meningitis: Clinical Spectrum, Bacteriological Profile and Outcome. J Coll Physicians Surg--Pak JCPSP. oct 2016;26(10):822‑6.
Shrestha RG, Tandukar S, Ansari S, Subedi A, Shrestha A, Poudel R, et al. Bacterial meningitis in children under 15 years of age in Nepal. BMC Pediatr. 2015;15:94.
Chacon-Cruz E, Martinez-Longoria CA, Llausas-Magana E, Luevanos-Velazquez A, Vazquez-Narvaez JA, Beltran S, et al. Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae as leading causes of pediatric bacterial meningitis in nine Mexican hospitals following 3 years of active surveillance. Ther Adv Vaccines. janv 2016;4(1‑2):15‑9.
MacNeil JR, Cohn AC, Farley M, Mair R, Baumbach J, Bennett N, et al. Current Epidemiology and Trends in Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Disease—United States, 1989–2008. Clin Infect Dis. 15 déc 2011;53(12):1230‑6.
Massenet D, Birguel J, Azowé F, Ebong C, Gake B, Lombart J-P, et al. Epidemiologic pattern of meningococcal meningitis in northern Cameroon in 2007–2010: contribution of PCR-enhanced surveillance. Pathog Glob Health. janv 2013;107(1):15‑20.
Sambo L, Chan M, Davis S, Lake A, Berkley S, Poonawalla C, et al. A Vaccine Meets Its Promise: Success in Controlling Epidemic Meningitis in Sub-Saharan Africa. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 15 nov 2015;61(Suppl 5):S387‑8.
Clere N. La vaccination, véritable enjeu de santé publique. Actual Pharm. janv 2013;52(522):38‑41.
Ouangraoua S, Schlumberger M, Yaro S, Ouédraogo AS, Sanou S, Drabo A, et al. Impact d’un vaccin conjugué antiméningococcique « A » sur les méningites bactériennes notifiées à l’ouest du Burkina Faso (2009–2012). Bull Société Pathol Exot. 1 févr 2014;107(1):27‑30.
Nga TT, Nguyen M, Mathisen R, Hoa DT, Minh NH, Berger J, et al. Acceptability and impact on anthropometry of a locally developed Ready-to-use therapeutic food in pre-school children in Vietnam. Nutr J. 15 août 2013;12(1):120.
Hsu HE, Shutt KA, Moore MR, Beall BW, Bennett NM, Craig AS, et al. Effect of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Pneumococcal Meningitis. N Engl J Med. 15 janv 2009;360(3):244‑56.
von Gottberg A, Gouveia L de, Madhi SA, du Plessis M, Quan V, Soma K, et al. Impact of conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine introduction in South Africa. Bull World Health Organ. oct 2006;84(10):811‑8.
Ribeiro GS, Lima JBT, Reis JN, Gouveia EL, Cordeiro SM, Lobo TS, et al. Haemophilus influenzae meningitis 5 years after introduction of the Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in Brazil. Vaccine. 30 mai 2007;25(22):4420‑8.
von Gottberg A, de Gouveia L, Madhi SA, du Plessis M, Quan V, Soma K, et al. Impact of conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine introduction in South Africa. Bull World Health Organ. oct 2006;84(10):811‑8.
Sultana NK, Saha SK, Al-Emran HM, Modak JK, Sharker MAY, El-Arifeen S, et al. Impact of introduction of the Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine into childhood immunization on meningitis in Bangladeshi infants. J Pediatr. juill 2013;163(1 Suppl):S73-78.
Davis S, Feikin D, Johnson HL. The effect of Haemophilus influenzae type B and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on childhood meningitis mortality: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 17 sept 2013;13(Suppl 3):S21.
Howie SRC, Oluwalana C, Secka O, Scott S, Ideh RC, Ebruke BE, et al. The Effectiveness of Conjugate Haemophilus influenzae Type B Vaccine in The Gambia 14 Years After Introduction. Clin Infect Dis. 12 janv 2013;57(11):1527‑34.
Massenet D, Tapindjin-Gake M. Positive effect of the introduction of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination in the expanded program on immunization in Cameroon. Vaccine. 7 sept 2010;28(39):6404‑5.
Marlow R, Muir P, Vipond B, Lyttle M, Trotter C, Finn A. Assessing the impacts of the first year of rotavirus vaccination in the United Kingdom. Euro Surveill Bull Eur Sur Mal Transm Eur Commun Dis Bull. 2015;20(48):30077.
Ministère de la Santé Publique du Cameroun. Plan d’action du programme pays-Cameroun. 2012.
Guillot M, Eckart P, Amiour M, El-Hachem C, Paris C, Dabernat H. Méningite bactérienne à Haemophilus influenzae: le risque résiduel ; à propos d’un cas. Arch Pédiatrie. 8(10):1082‑5.
Ames H, Njang DM, Glenton C, Fretheim A, Kaufman J, Hill S, et al. Mapping how information about childhood vaccination is communicated in two regions of Cameroon: What is done and where are the gaps? BMC Public Health. 2015;15:1264.
Batuwanthudawe R, Rajapakse L, Somaratne P, Dassanayake M, Abeysinghe N. Incidence of childhood Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in Sri Lanka. Int J Infect Dis. mai 2010;14(5):e372‑6.
Bijlmer HA, Alphen L van, Greenwood BM, Brown J, Schneider G, Hughes A, et al. The Epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis in Children under Five Years of Age in The Gambia, West Africa. J Infect Dis. 6 janv 1990;161(6):1210‑5.
Theodoridou MN, Vasilopoulou VA, Atsali EE, Pangalis AM, Mostrou GJ, Syriopoulou VP, et al. Meningitis registry of hospitalized cases in children: epidemiological patterns of acute bacterial meningitis throughout a 32-year period. BMC Infect Dis. 30 août 2007;7:101.
Martin NG, Sadarangani M, Pollard AJ, Goldacre MJ. Hospital admission rates for meningitis and septicaemia caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae in children in England over five decades: a population-based observational study. Lancet Infect Dis. mai 2014;14(5):397‑405.
Skoczyńska A, Kadłubowski M, Empel J, Hryniewicz W. Characteristics of Haemophilus influenzae Type b Responsible for Meningitis in Poland from 1997 to 2004. J Clin Microbiol. 11 janv 2005;43(11):5665‑9.
Ulanova M. Global Epidemiology of Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Type a Disease: Do We Need a New Vaccine? J Vaccines [Internet]. 27 févr 2013 [cité 20 avr 2014];2013. Disponible sur: http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jv/2013/941461/abs/
Kapogiannis BG, Satola S, Keyserling HL, Farley MM. Invasive Infections with Haemophilus influenzae Serotype a Containing an IS1016-bexA Partial Deletion: Possible Association with Virulence. Clin Infect Dis. 12 janv 2005;41(11):e97‑103.
Bruce MG, Zulz T, DeByle C, Singleton R, Hurlburt D, Bruden D, et al. Haemophilus influenzae Serotype a Invasive Disease, Alaska, USA, 1983–2011. Emerg Infect Dis. juin 2013;19(6):932‑7.
Ulanova M, Tsang RSW. Haemophilus influenzae serotype a as a cause of serious invasive infections. Lancet Infect Dis. janv 2014;14(1):70‑82.
Goetghebuer T, West TE, Wermenbol V, Cadbury AL, Milligan P, Lloyd-Evans N, et al. Outcome of meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b in children in The Gambia. Trop Med Int Health TM IH. mars 2000;5(3):207‑13.