Etiological Agents of Meningitis in Northern Cameroun: a Retrospective Study from Patients Suspected of Meningitis Enrolled in Case by Case Based Surveillance after MenAfriVac

BB Graobe; B Gake; Aline Bamia; NM Gake; Elise Claudine Seukap; AG Etoundi Mballa; EN Nukenine; JP Lombart

doi:10.5281/hsd.v24i4.4313

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Abstract

ABSTRACT
Introduction. Bacterial meningitis is among most severe infectious diseases with a high rate of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. The heaviest burden is reported in Africa, in particular in the “african meningitis belt” which include the northern regions of Cameroon. This study aims to provide information on the profile of bacterial agents of meningitis in Cameroon’s northern regions after MenAfriVac. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed the biological monitoring data from 1st January, 2013 to 20 September 2015, of case by case-based surveillance for meningitis, obtained at the National Reference Laboratory. Data were retrieved from Excel linelists of cases and analyzed using SPSS 20.0. Results. In this study, we considered 742 cerebrospinal fluid samples analysis. The mean patients age was 9.6 years [2 days–77 years] with male sex ratio dominance (1.3). Seventy-one (9.57%) cases were positive. Confirmed meningitis cases were made up of 28 culture positive bacteria, 11 Rt-PCR positive bacteria, and 64 soluble antigen positive tests. Among 67 bacterial isolates, Streptococcus pneumoniae was the predominant organism across all age group, 45 (63.38%), followed by Neisseria meningitidis, 18 (25.34%), predominating in patients aged 12-59 months, Salmonella sp 3 (4.22%), and Streptococcus agalactiae, 1 (1.4%). Cryptococcus neoformans was the only fungus isolated in 4 (5.63%) cases. Conclusion. S. pneumoniae is the predominant bacterial agent of meningitis in the northern regions of Cameroon, followed by Serogroup W of N. meningitidis. The pneumococcal vaccine could be widely implemented for the management of meningitis. Other bacterial and fungal pathogens should be considered in meningitis patients.

RÉSUMÉ
Introduction. La méningite bactérienne est l'une des infections les plus graves avec un taux élevé de morbidité et de mortalité dans les pays en développement. Un lourd fardeau est reporté en Afrique, particulièrement dans la « ceinture africaine de la méningite » qui inclus les régions septentrionales du Cameroun. Cette étude vise à déterminer le profil des agents bactériens de la méningite dans les régions septentrionales du Cameroun après le MenAfriVac. Méthodes. Nous avons examiné rétrospectivement les données biologiques du 1er Janvier 2013 au 20 Septembre 2015 de la surveillance cas-par-cas de la méningite obtenues auprès du laboratoire national de référence. Les données ont été analysées avec le logiciel SPSS 20.0. Résultats. Au total 742 analyses de liquide céphalo-rachidien ont été considérés. L'âge moyen des patients était de 9,6 ans, avec un sex-ratio de 1,3. Soixante-onze (9,57%) cas étaient positifs, isolats obtenus soit par culture (28), RT-PCR (11) ou par antigènes solubles (64). Les cas positifs étaient constitués de 67 bactéries avec 45 (63,38%) cas de Streptococcus pneumoniae, 18 (25,34%) cas de Neisseria meningitidis, 3 (4,22%) cas de Salmonella sp, et 1 (1,4%) cas de Streptococcus agalactiae ; et un champignon, le Cryptococcus neoformans isolé dans 4 (5,63 %) cas. Conclusion. S. pneumoniae est l'agent bactérien prédominant de la méningite dans les régions septentrionales du Cameroun, suivi du sérogroupe W de N. meningitidis. Le vaccin antipneumococcique devrait être largement mis en œuvre pour la prévention de la méningite. D'autres agents bactériens et fongiques doivent être pris en compte chez les patients atteints de méningite.

Keywords

Etiological agents, Bacterial meningitis, Northern Cameroon.

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How to Cite

Graobe, B., Gake, B., Bamia, A., Gake, N., Seukap, E. C., Etoundi Mballa, A., … Lombart, J. (2023). Etiological Agents of Meningitis in Northern Cameroun: a Retrospective Study from Patients Suspected of Meningitis Enrolled in Case by Case Based Surveillance after MenAfriVac. HEALTH SCIENCES AND DISEASE, 24(4). https://doi.org/10.5281/hsd.v24i4.4313

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References

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N. Schiess, N. E. Groce, et T. Dua, « The Impact and Burden of Neurological Sequelae Following Bacterial Meningitis: A Narrative Review », Microorganisms, vol. 9, no 5, p. 900, avr. 2021, doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9050900.

H. Wang et X. Zhu, « Cerebrospinal fluid culture-positive bacterial meningitis increases the risk for neurologic damage among neonates », Annals of Medicine, vol. 53, no 1, p. 2201‑2206, janv. 2021, doi: 10.1080/07853890.2021.2004318.

H. Broutin, S. Philippon, G. Constantin de Magny, M.-F. Courel, B. Sultan, et J.-F. Guégan, « Comparative study of meningitis dynamics across nine African countries: a global perspective », Int J Health Geogr, vol. 6, no 1, p. 29, 2007, doi: 10.1186/1476-072X-6-29.

H. D. Emgba Bitha, P. Baonga Ba, B. Gake, et A. Mahamat, « Mission d’investigation des cas confirmés de meningite à meningocoque A dans la Région du Nord », Minsanté, DLM, Nord Cameroun, août 2012.

D. Massenet, D. Vohod, H. Hamadicko, et D. A. Caugant, « Epidemic Meningococcal Meningitis, Cameroon », Emerg. Infect. Dis., vol. 17, no 11, nov. 2011, doi: 10.3201/eid1711.110468.

D. Massenet et al., « Epidemiologic pattern of meningococcal meningitis in northern Cameroon in 2007–2010: contribution of PCR-enhanced surveillance », Pathog Glob Health, vol. 107, no 1, p. 15‑20, janv. 2013, doi: 10.1179/2047773212Y.0000000070.

M. C. Fonkoua, P. Cunin, P. Sorlin, J. Musi, et P. M. V. Martin, « Les méningites d’étiologie bactérienne à Yaoundé (Cameroun) en 1999-2000. », Bull Soc Pathol Exot, p. 4, 2001.

M.-C. Fonkoua et al., « Serogroups A and W135, Yaoundé, Cameroon », Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 8, no 3, p. 3, 2002.

P. Cunin, M.-C. Fonkoua, B. Kollo, B. A. Bedifeh, P. Bayanak, et P. M. V. Martin, « Serogroup A Neisseria meningitidis Outside Meningitis Belt in Southwest Cameroon », Emerg. Infect. Dis., vol. 9, no 10, p. 1351‑1353, oct. 2003, doi: 10.3201/eid0910.030170.

S. Nguefack et al., « Etiologies and Outcome of Children with Purulent Meningitis at the Yaounde Gyneco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital (Cameroon) », OJPed, vol. 04, no 04, p. 269‑275, 2014, doi: 10.4236/ojped.2014.44037.

A. Boula et al., « Hospital-based Surveillance Provides Insights Into the Etiology of Pediatric Bacterial Meningitis in Yaoundé, Cameroon, in the Post-Vaccine Era », Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 69, no Supplement_2, p. S148‑S155, sept. 2019, doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz506.

S. Tchatchouang et al., « Analysis of Haemophilus species in patients with respiratory tract infections in Yaoundé, Cameroon », International Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 100, p. 12‑20, nov. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.040.

A. Chiabi, S. Nguefack, M. Mbea, F. Dongmo, E. Mah, et F. angwafo III, « Profile of Childhood Meningitis at the Yaounde Gynaeco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital, Cameroon », Ann Pediatr., vol. 3, no 1, p. 5, 2020, [En ligne]. Disponible sur: https://meddocsonline.org/annals-of-pediatrics

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Z. Berangi et al., « Epidemiological profile of meningitis in Iran before pentavalent vaccine introduction », BMC Pediatr, vol. 19, no 1, p. 370, déc. 2019, doi: 10.1186/s12887-019-1741-y.

B. Gake et al., « Impact of MenAfriVac on Meningococcal A Meningitis in Cameroon: A Retrospective Study Using Case-by-Case-Based Surveillance Data from 2009 to 2015 », Journal of Tropical Medicine, vol. 2021, p. 4314892, sept. 2021, doi: 10.1155/2021/4314892.

E. Britz et al., « The Epidemiology of Meningitis among Adults in a South African Province with a High HIV Prevalence, 2009-2012 », PLoS ONE, vol. 11, no 9, p. e0163036, sept. 2016, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163036.

C. N. Gituro, A. Nyerere, M. O. Ngayo, E. Maina, J. Githuku, et W. Boru, « Etiology of bacterial meningitis: a cross-sectional study among patients admitted in a semi-urban hospital in Nairobi, Kenya », Pan Afr Med J, vol. 28, 2017, doi: 10.11604/pamj.supp.2017.28.1.9383.

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F. Y. Khan et al., « Acute Bacterial Meningitis in Qatar: A Hospital-Based Study from 2009 to 2013 », BioMed Research International, vol. 2017, p. 1‑8, 2017, doi: 10.1155/2017/2975610.

A. Tigabu et al., « Bacterial Meningitis Among Adult Patients at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Referral Hospital », IDR, vol. Volume 14, p. 565‑574, févr. 2021, doi: 10.2147/IDR.S296792.

P. Pandey, B. Jha, et A. Shrestha, « Etiology of Meningitis from Patients Suspected of Meningitis Attending Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal », American Journal of Microbiology, vol. 6, no 2, p. 21‑30, févr. 2015, doi: 10.3844/ajmsp.2015.21.30.

N. Amidu et al., « Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis in Ghana: Polymerase chain reaction versus latex agglutination methods », PLoS ONE, vol. 14, no 1, p. e0210812, janv. 2019, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210812.

World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, « Standard operating procedures for surveillance of meningitis preparedness and response to epidemics in Africa ». 2019. Consulté le: 30 août 2022. [En ligne]. Disponible sur: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/312141/9789290234241-eng.pdf

K. Terwin et al., « The epidemiological profile of meningitis among adults in a South African district hospital », Pan Afr Med J, vol. 41, 2022, doi: 10.11604/pamj.2022.41.256.30015.

S. P. Montgomery et al., « Etiologies of Bacterial Meningitis in Bangladesh: Results from a Hospital-Based Study », The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol. 81, no 3, p. 475‑483, sept. 2009, doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2009.81.475.

L. V. Cooper, P. A. Kristiansen, H. Christensen, A. Karachaliou, et C. L. Trotter, « Meningococcal carriage by age in the African meningitis belt: a systematic review and meta-analysis », Epidemiol. Infect., vol. 147, p. e228, 2019, doi: 10.1017/S0950268819001134.

L. V. Cooper et al., « Risk factors for acquisition of meningococcal carriage in the African meningitis belt », Trop Med Int Health, vol. 24, no 4, p. 392‑400, avr. 2019, doi: 10.1111/tmi.13203.

C. Boni-Cisse et al., « Etiology of Bacterial Meningitis Among Children <5 Years Old in Côte d’Ivoire: Findings of Hospital-based Surveillance Before and After Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Introduction », Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 69, no Supplement_2, p. S114‑S120, sept. 2019, doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz475.

M. Owusu et al., « Aetiological agents of cerebrospinal meningitis: a retrospective study from a teaching hospital in Ghana », Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob, vol. 11, no 1, p. 28, 2012, doi: 10.1186/1476-0711-11-28.

H. Im et al., « Anatomical Site-Specific Carbohydrate Availability Impacts Streptococcus pneumoniae Virulence and Fitness during Colonization and Disease », Infect Immun, vol. 90, no 1, p. e00451-21, janv. 2022, doi: 10.1128/IAI.00451-21.

P. H. C. Kremer et al., « Diversification in immunogenicity genes caused by selective pressures in invasive meningococci », Microbial Genomics, vol. 6, no 9, sept. 2020, doi: 10.1099/mgen.0.000422.

J. N. Weiser, D. M. Ferreira, et J. C. Paton, « Streptococcus pneumoniae: transmission, colonization and invasion », Nat Rev Microbiol, vol. 16, no 6, p. 355‑367, juin 2018, doi: 10.1038/s41579-018-0001-8.

P. Nicolas, « Meningococcal meningitis epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa and the meningococcal A conjugate vaccine », Médecine et Santé Tropicales, vol. 22, no 3, p. 246‑258, juill. 2012, doi: 10.1684/mst.2012.0086.

L. Lapeyssonnie, « Cerebrospinal meningitis in Africa », bull World Health Organ, vol. 28, p. 3‑5, 1963.

A. M. Molesworth et al., « Where is the meningitis belt? Defining an area at risk of epidemic meningitis in Africa », Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol. 96, no 3, p. 242‑249, mai 2002, doi: 10.1016/S0035-9203(02)90089-1.

J.-M. Collard et al., « Epidemiological changes in meningococcal meningitis in Niger from 2008 to 2011 and the impact of vaccination », BMC Infect Dis, vol. 13, no 1, p. 576, déc. 2013, doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-576.

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Etiological Agents of Meningitis in Northern Cameroun: a Retrospective Study from Patients Suspected of Meningitis Enrolled in Case by Case Based Surveillance after MenAfriVac

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