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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Introduction. In Cameroon, there are 20745 new cases of cancer each year and 13199 cancer-related deaths. A great number of patients have advanced cancer at the time of diagnosis. These advanced stages explain the high mortality rate, but not the immediate cause of death. The aim of our study was to look at the immediate causes of death in a conventional medical oncology hospitalisation in Cameroon. Methodology. We conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive study with retrospective data collection in the Medical Oncology Department of the Yaoundé General Hospital (Cameroon) from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2021. We used an exhaustive sampling and examined the records of 116 eligible patients who died within the study period. To determine the immediate cause of death, a copy of the international model medical certificate of death was used. Results. Among the 116 patients found, the male-to-female sex ratio was 0.70. The mean age was 52.9 ± 14.1 years, with a range from 16 to 82 years. The most represented age group was 56-65 years (32.76%) followed by 36-45 years (20.7%). The top five cancers in our study population were breast (n=21, 18.1%), haematological malignancies (n=12, 10.3%), colorectal (n=11, 9.5%), uterine cervix (n=9, 7.8%), and head and neck cancers (n=9, 7.8%). Almost all patients (93.1% of the sample) had stage III (n=41, 35.3%) or IV (n=67, 57.8%) cancer at the time of diagnosis. At the time of death, 99 (85.3%) participants had stage IV disease. The most common immediate causes of death in our sample were multiple organ failure (n=16, 13.8%) and cerebral failure (n=15, 13%). The older patients mostly died from causes unrelated to cancer 16/38 for 56-65-year-olds and 7/13 for 66-75-year-olds, mainly sepsis. Conclusion. Multi organ failure, combination of cancer and sepsis, and sepsis are the three leading causes of immediate death.
RÉSUMÉ
Introduction. Au Cameroun, on dénombre chaque année 20745 nouveaux cas de cancer et 13199 décès liés au cancer. Un grand nombre de patients ont un cancer avancé au moment du diagnostic. Ces stades avancés expliquent le taux de mortalité élevé, mais pas la cause immédiate du décès. Le but de notre étude était d'examiner les causes immédiates de décès dans une hospitalisation conventionnelle d'oncologie médicale au Cameroun. Méthodologie. Nous avons mené une étude transversale, descriptive avec recueil rétrospectif des données dans le service d'oncologie médicale de l'hôpital général de Yaoundé (Cameroun) du 1er janvier 2021 au 31 décembre 2021. Nous avons utilisé un échantillonnage exhaustif et examiné les dossiers de 116 patients éligibles qui sont décédés au cours de la période d'étude. Pour déterminer la cause immédiate du décès, une copie du modèle international de certificat médical de décès a été utilisée. Résultats. Parmi les 116 patients recensés, le sex-ratio homme/femme était de 0,70. L'âge moyen était de 52,9 ± 14,1 ans, avec une fourchette allant de 16 à 82 ans. Le groupe d'âge le plus représenté était celui des 56-65 ans (32,76 %), suivi par celui des 36-45 ans (20,7 %). Les cinq principaux cancers dans notre population d'étude étaient le cancer du sein (n=21, 18,1%), les hémopathies malignes (n=12, 10,3%), le cancer colorectal (n=11, 9,5%), le cancer du col de l'utérus (n=9, 7,8%), et le cancer de la tête et du cou (n=9, 7,8%). Presque tous les patients (93,1 % de l'échantillon) avaient un cancer de stade III (n=41, 35,3 %) ou IV (n=67, 57,8 %) au moment du diagnostic. Au moment du décès, 99 (85,3 %) participants étaient au stade IV. Les causes immédiates de décès les plus fréquentes dans notre cohorte d'étude étaient la défaillance de plusieurs organes (n=16, 13,8%) et la défaillance cérébrale (n=15, 13%). Les patients plus âgés sont principalement décédés de causes non liées au cancer : 16/38 pour les 56-65 ans et 7/13 pour les 66-75 ans, essentiellement infectieuses. Conclusion. La défaillance de plusieurs organes, l'association d'un cancer et d'un sepsis, et le sepsis sont les trois principales causes de décès immédiat.
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References
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References
1. Alwan 1. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209-49.
2. Bray F, Laversanne M, Weiderpass E, Soerjomataram I. The ever-increasing importance of cancer as a leading cause of premature death worldwide. Cancer. 2021 Aug 15;127(16):3029-30
3. Joko-Fru WY, Jedy-Agba E, Korir A, Ogunbiyi O, Dzamalala CP, Chokunonga E, et al. The evolving epidemic of breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa: results from the African Cancer Registry Network. Int J Cancer. 2020; 147:2131-41.
4. Davis C, Naci H, Gurpinar E, Poplavska E, Pinto A, Aggarwal A. Availability of evidence of benefits on overall survival and quality of life of cancer drugs approved by European Medicines Agency: retrospective cohort study of drug approvals 2009-13. BMJ. 2017;359:j4530.
5. Agodirin O, Aremu I, Rahman G, Olatoke S, Olaogun J, Akande H, Romanoff A. Determinants of Delayed Presentation and Advanced-Stage Diagnosis of Breast Cancer in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2021; 22(4):1007-17
6. Braga S., Miranda A., Fonsensca R. The aggressiveness of cancer care in the last three months of life: a retrospective single centre analysis. Psychoonology. 2007; 16:863–8
7. Boutayeb A, Boutayeb S. The burden of non communicable diseases in developing countries. Int J Equity Health. 2005;4(1):2
8. Azubuike SO, Muirhead C, Hayes L, McNally R. Rising global burden of breast cancer: the case of sub-Saharan Africa (with emphasis on Nigeria) and implications for regional development: a review. World J Surg Oncol. 2018; 16(1):63
9. Ogle KS, Swanson GM, Woods N, Azzouz F. Cancer and comorbidity: redefining chronic diseases. Cancer. 2000 ;88(3):653-63
10. Arndt J, Routledge C, Goldenberg JL. Predicting proximal health responses to reminders of death: The influence of coping style and health optimism. Psychology & Health. 2006;21:593–614
11. Riihimaki M, Thomsen H, Brandt A, Sundquist J et Hemminki K. Death causes in breast cancer patients. Annals of Oncology. 2012; 23: 604–10
12. Zaorsky NG, Churilla TM, Egleston BL, Fisher SG, Ridge JA, Horwitz EM et al. Causes of death among cancer patients. Annals of Oncology. 2017 ;28: 400–7
13. Domschikowski J, Koch K and Schmalz C. Cause of Death in Patients in Radiation Oncology. Front. Oncol.2021; 11:763629
14. Ngowa JDK, Kasia JM, Yomi J, Nana AN, Ngassam A, Domkam I et al. Breast Cancer Survival in Cameroon: Analysis of a Cohort of 404 Patients at the Yaoundé General Hospital. Advances in Breast Cancer Research, 2015;4, 44-52.
15. Mapoko BSE, Mbassi EDB, Batoum VM, Essomba MJN, Fossa TL, Bala L et al. The Psychological Experience of the Nursing Staff of the Medical Oncology Department in Cameroon: Case of the Yaoundé General Hospital. Journal of Cancer Therapy. 2023; 14, 50-8.
16. Rine S, Lara ST, Bikomeye JC, Beltrán-Ponce S, Kibudde S, Niyonzima N et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer care including innovations implemented in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. J Glob Health. 2023;13:06048.
17. Sundriyal D, Nath UK, Kumar P, Gupta S, Joseph D, Vaniyath S, et al. Audit of In-Hospital Mortality from a Medical Oncology and Hemato-Oncology Center with the Emphasis on Best Supportive Care. South Asian J Cancer. 2022;10(3):36-9
18. Cancer today [Internet]. [cité 26 janv 2022]. Disponible sur: http://gco.iarc.fr/today/home
19. 1Gates MF, Lackey NR, Brown G. Caring demands and delay in seeking care in African American women newly diagnosed with breast cancer: an ethnographic, photographic study. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2001; 28: 529–537.
20. Opoku SY, Benwell M, Yarney J. Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, behaviour and breast cancer screening practices in Ghana, West Africa Pan Afr Med J. 2012; 11: 28.
21. Kemfang Ngowa JD, Yomi J, Kasia JM, Mawamba Y, Ekortarh AC, Vlastos G. Breast Cancer Profile in a Group of Patients Followed up at the Radiation Therapy Unit of the Yaounde General Hospital, Cameroon. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2011;2011:143506.
22. Twigg SJ, McCrirrick A, Sanderson PM. A Comparison of Post Mortem Findings With Post Hoc Estimated Clinical Diagnoses of Patients Who Die in a United Kingdom Intensive Care Unit. Intensive Care Med. 2001; 27(4):706–10
23. Begg CB, Schrag D. Attribution of Deaths Following Cancer Treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002; 94(14):1044–5
24. Tai DY, El-Bilbeisi H, Tewari S, Mascha EJ, Wiedemann HP, Arroliga AC. A Study of Consecutive Autopsies in a Medical ICU: A Comparison of Clinical Cause of Death and Autopsy Diagnosis. Chest. 2001; 119(2):530–6
25. Pastores SM, Dulu A, Voigt L, Raoof N, Alicea M, Halpern NA. Premortem Clinical Diagnoses and Postmortem Autopsy Findings: Discrepancies in Critically Ill Cancer Patients. Crit Care Lond Engl. 2007; 11(2):R48.
26. Gerain J, Sculier JP, Malengreaux A, Rykaert C, Themelin L. Causes of deaths in an oncologic intensive care unit: A clinical and pathological study of 34 autopsies. Eur J Cancer. 1990;26:377-81
27. Shojania KG, Burton EC, McDonald KM, Goldman L. Changes in Rates of Autopsy-Detected Diagnostic Errors Over Time: A Systematic Review. JAMA. 2003; 289(21):2849–56.
28. Goldman L, Sayson R, Robbins S, Cohn LH, Bettmann M, Weisberg M. The Value of the Autopsy in Three Medical Eras. N Engl J Med. 1983; 308 (17):1000–5
29. Feng Y, Jin H, Guo K, Wasan HS, Ruan S, Chen C. Causes of Death After Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis: A Population-Based Study. Front. Oncol. 2021;11:647179
30. Goldszmid RS, Dzutsev A, Trinchieri G. Host immune response to infection and cancer: unexpected commonalities. Cell Host Microbe. 2014;15(3):295–305
31. Wang R, Han L, Dai W, Mo S, Xiang W, Li Q et al. Cause of death for elders with colorectal cancer: a real-world data analysis. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2020;11(2):269-76
32. Lai XB, Wong FKY, Ching SSY. The experience of caring for patients at end-of-life stage in non-palliative care setting: a qualitative study. BMC Palliative Care. 2018;17:116
33. Vig EK, Pearlman RA. Good and bad dying from the perspective of terminally ill men. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(9):977–81
34. Wright AA, Keating NL, Balboni TA, Matulonis UA, Block SD, Prigerson HG. Place of death: correlations with quality of life of patients with cancer and predictors of bereaved caregivers’ mental health. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28: 4457-64
35. Higginson IJ, Sen-Gupta GJA. Place of care in advanced cancer: a qualitative systematic literature review of patient preferences. J Palliat Med. 2000;3: 287-300
36. Klastersky J, Libert I, Michel B, Obiols M, Lossignol D. Supportive/palliative care in cancer patients: quo vadis? Support Care Cancer. 2016;24(4):1883–8