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Abstract
RESUME
Objectif : L’objectif de cette étude était de déterminer la prévalence et rechercher les facteurs associés au tabagisme chez l’adulte à Yaoundé.
Matériels et Méthode : Cette étude transversale s’est déroulée sur une période de 5 mois (Décembre 2013 à Avril 2014) chez les adultes âgés d’au moins 19 ans et sélectionnés à l’aide d’un échantillonnage aléatoire stratifié. Un fumeur ou fumeur actif était un sujet qui avait déclaré avoir fumé au moins une cigarette par jour pendant au moins un an ou qui avait fumé au moins 20 paquets de cigarettes dans sa vie et qui continue de fumer. Un ex-fumeur était toute personne qui avait déclaré avoir arrêté de fumer depuis au moins 6 mois. Les facteurs indépendants associés au tabagisme actif ont été recherchés par la régression logistique multinomiale.
Résultats : Des 2297 sujets inclus, 57,4% sujets étaient de sexe féminin et la médiane d’âge (intervalle interquartile) était de 30ans (24-42ans). La prévalence du tabagisme actif était de 8,4% (IC à 95% : 7,3-9,5%) et la proportion des ex-fumeurs était de 5,6%. Les facteurs indépendants associés au tabagisme actif étaient : l’âge ≥ 30 ans [odds ratio ajusté (IC à 95%): 2,38(1,60-3,53)], le sexe masculin [10,44(6,75-16,14)], les personnes vivant avec un fumeur [12,76(8,62-18,87)] et les travailleurs du secteur informel [2,31(1,27-4,21)].
Conclusion : La prévalence du tabagisme actif est relativement peu élevée chez les adultes à Yaoundé. Malgré cette prévalence peu élevée, il important d’éduquer la population pour réduire cette prévalence afin d’éviter les maladies liées au tabagisme.
Mots-clés : Tabagisme, prévalence, Yaoundé, Cameroun
ABSTRACT
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with smoking in adults in Yaounde.
Materials and Method: This cross-sectional study was undertaken from December 2013 to April 2014 (5 months) using stratified random sampling method to include adults aged 19 years and above. A current or active smoker was a subject that had reported smoking at least one cigarette per day for at least one year or who had smoked at least 20 packs of cigarettes in his life and continues to smoke. An ex-smoker was a person who had reported having stopped smoking for at least six months. Logistic regression methods were used to investigate independent associated factors of smoking.
Results: Of the 2297 subjects included, 57.4% were women and their median age (interquartile range) was 30 (24-42) years. The prevalence of current smoking was 8.4% (95% CI: 7.3-9.5%) and the proportion of former smokers was 5.6%. Independent factors associated with smoking were age ≥ 30 years [adjusted odds ratio (95% CI): 2.38 (1.60 to 3.53)], male sex [10.44 (6.75 -16.14)], people living with a smoker [12.76 (8.62 to 18.87)] and informal sector workers [2.31 (1.27 to 4.21)].
Conclusion: The prevalence of active smoking among adults in Yaoundé is relatively low. Despite the low prevalence of smoking in this setting, it is important to educate the population to reduce the burden of tobacco smoking.
Key-words: Tobacco smoking, prevalence, Yaounde, CameroonArticle Details
References
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- Stein L, Urban MI, Weber M, Ruff P, Hale M, Donde B, Patel M, Sitas F: Effects of tobacco smoking on cancer and cardiovascular disease in urban black South Africans. Br J Cancer 2008, 98:1586–1592.
- Wu F, Chen Y, Parvez F, Segers S, Argos M, Islam T, Ahmed A, Rakibuz-Zaman M, Hasan R, Sarwar G, Ahsan H. A Prospective Study of Tobacco Smoking and Mortality in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2013, 8.
- WHO. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic. WHO Rep Glob Tob Epidemic 2013, 5:106.
- Lugo A, La Vecchia C, Boccia S, Murisic B, Gallus S. Patterns of smoking prevalence among the elderly in Europe. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2013, 10:4418–4431.
- Havard A, Jorm LR, Preen D, Daube M, Kemp A, Einarsdóttir K, Randall D, Tran DT. The Smoking MUMS (Maternal Use of Medications and Safety) Study: protocol for a population-based cohort study using linked administrative data. BMJ Open 2013, 3:e003692.
- Owusu-Dabo E, Lewis S, McNeill A, Gilmore A, Britton J. Smoking uptake and prevalence in Ghana. Tob Control 2009, 18:365–70.
- Reda AA, Kotz D, Biadgilign S. Adult tobacco use practice and its correlates in eastern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Harm Reduct J 2013, 10:28.
- Zhao L, Palipudi KM, Ramanandraibe N, Asma S. Cigarette smoking and cigarette marketing exposure among students in selected African countries: Findings from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey. Prev Med (Baltim) 2015.
- Mbatchou Ngahane BH, Luma H, Mapoure YN, Fotso ZM, Afane Ze E. Correlates of cigarette smoking among university students in Cameroon. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2013, 17:270–4.
- Atari DO. Gender differences in the prevalence and determinants of tobacco use among school-aged adolescents (11-17 years) in Sudan and South Sudan. Pan Afr Med J 2014, 18:118.
- Institut National de la Statistique. Effectifs de la population du Cameroun [http://www.statistics-cameroon.org/news.php?id=18]
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- Buist AS, Vollmer WM, Sullivan SD, Weiss KB, Lee TA, Menezes AMB, Crapo RO, Jensen RL, Burney PGJ. The Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease Initiative (BOLD): rationale and design. COPD 2005, 2:277–83.
- Ferris BG. Epidemiology Standardization Project (American Thoracic Society). Am Rev Respir Dis 1978, 118(6 Pt 2):1–120.
- Mbatchou Ngahane BH, Luma H, Ndiaye M, Njankouo YM, Mbahe S, Wandji A, Temfack E, Mouelle Sone A, Dautzenberg B. [Prevalence of smoking among staff of the General Hospital of Douala, Cameroon]. Pan Afr Med J 2012, 11:25.
- Shaikh MA. Prevalence, correlates, and changes in tobacco use between 2006 and 2010 among 13-15 year Moroccan school attending adolescents. J Pak Med Assoc 2014, 64:1306–9.
- Touré NO, Thiam K, Diatta A, Dia Kane Y, Ndiaye EM, Cissé MF, Mbaye FBR, Hane AA. [Smoking among health workers at four large hospitals in Dakar (Senegal)]. Rev Mal Respir 2011, 28:1095–103.
- Abdullah AS, Stillman FA, Yang L, Luo H, Zhang Z, Samet JM. Tobacco use and smoking cessation practices among physicians in developing countries: a literature review (1987-2010). Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014, 11:429–55.
- Palipudi KM, Gupta PC, Sinha DN, Andes LJ, Asma S, McAfee T. Social determinants of health and tobacco use in thirteen low and middle income countries: evidence from Global Adult Tobacco Survey. PLoS One 2012, 7:e33466.
- Trupin L, Earnest G, San Pedro M, Balmes JR, Eisner MD, Yelin E, Katz PP, Blanc PD. The occupational burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2003, 22:462–9.
- Mamudu HM, Veeranki SP, John RM. Tobacco use among school-going adolescents (11-17 years) in Ghana. Nicotine Tob Res 2013, 15:1355–64.
- Perrin PC, Merrill RM, Lindsay GB. Patterns of smoking behavior among physicians in Yerevan, Armenia. BMC Public Health 2006, 6:139.
- Owusu-Dabo E, Lewis S, McNeill A, Anderson S, Gilmore A, Britton J. Smoking in Ghana: a review of tobacco industry activity. Tob Control 2009, 18:206–11.
- Oh DL, Heck JE, Dresler C, Allwright S, Haglund M, Del Mazo SS, Kralikova E, Stucker I, Tamang E, Gritz ER, Hashibe M. Determinants of smoking initiation among women in five European countries: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health 2010, 10:74.
References
Jamshidi Ardeshiri, M Moosazadeh M, Masouleh Feizi M, Kiani A, Fakhri M. Prevalence of smoking in 15-64 years old population of north of Iran: meta-analysis of the results of non-communicable diseases risk factors surveillance system. Acta Med Iran 2013, 51:494–500.
Agodokpessi G, Diatta A, Mbatchou H, Rangar N, Dia Y, Toure N, Ba O, Diallo K, Nassurt S, Ali B et al. [Lung cancer in Dakar, Senegal]. Med Trop (Mars) 2011, 71:511.
Stein L, Urban MI, Weber M, Ruff P, Hale M, Donde B, Patel M, Sitas F: Effects of tobacco smoking on cancer and cardiovascular disease in urban black South Africans. Br J Cancer 2008, 98:1586–1592.
Wu F, Chen Y, Parvez F, Segers S, Argos M, Islam T, Ahmed A, Rakibuz-Zaman M, Hasan R, Sarwar G, Ahsan H. A Prospective Study of Tobacco Smoking and Mortality in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2013, 8.
WHO. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic. WHO Rep Glob Tob Epidemic 2013, 5:106.
Lugo A, La Vecchia C, Boccia S, Murisic B, Gallus S. Patterns of smoking prevalence among the elderly in Europe. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2013, 10:4418–4431.
Havard A, Jorm LR, Preen D, Daube M, Kemp A, Einarsdóttir K, Randall D, Tran DT. The Smoking MUMS (Maternal Use of Medications and Safety) Study: protocol for a population-based cohort study using linked administrative data. BMJ Open 2013, 3:e003692.
Owusu-Dabo E, Lewis S, McNeill A, Gilmore A, Britton J. Smoking uptake and prevalence in Ghana. Tob Control 2009, 18:365–70.
Reda AA, Kotz D, Biadgilign S. Adult tobacco use practice and its correlates in eastern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Harm Reduct J 2013, 10:28.
Zhao L, Palipudi KM, Ramanandraibe N, Asma S. Cigarette smoking and cigarette marketing exposure among students in selected African countries: Findings from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey. Prev Med (Baltim) 2015.
Mbatchou Ngahane BH, Luma H, Mapoure YN, Fotso ZM, Afane Ze E. Correlates of cigarette smoking among university students in Cameroon. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2013, 17:270–4.
Atari DO. Gender differences in the prevalence and determinants of tobacco use among school-aged adolescents (11-17 years) in Sudan and South Sudan. Pan Afr Med J 2014, 18:118.
Institut National de la Statistique. Effectifs de la population du Cameroun [http://www.statistics-cameroon.org/news.php?id=18]
Bureau Central Des Recensements et Des Etudes de Population, Rapport de Présentation Des Résultas Définitifs. Http://www.statistics-cameroon.org/downloads/Rapport_de_presentation_3_RGPH.pdf (Téléchargé Le 25 Février 2012).
Buist AS, Vollmer WM, Sullivan SD, Weiss KB, Lee TA, Menezes AMB, Crapo RO, Jensen RL, Burney PGJ. The Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease Initiative (BOLD): rationale and design. COPD 2005, 2:277–83.
Ferris BG. Epidemiology Standardization Project (American Thoracic Society). Am Rev Respir Dis 1978, 118(6 Pt 2):1–120.
Mbatchou Ngahane BH, Luma H, Ndiaye M, Njankouo YM, Mbahe S, Wandji A, Temfack E, Mouelle Sone A, Dautzenberg B. [Prevalence of smoking among staff of the General Hospital of Douala, Cameroon]. Pan Afr Med J 2012, 11:25.
Shaikh MA. Prevalence, correlates, and changes in tobacco use between 2006 and 2010 among 13-15 year Moroccan school attending adolescents. J Pak Med Assoc 2014, 64:1306–9.
Touré NO, Thiam K, Diatta A, Dia Kane Y, Ndiaye EM, Cissé MF, Mbaye FBR, Hane AA. [Smoking among health workers at four large hospitals in Dakar (Senegal)]. Rev Mal Respir 2011, 28:1095–103.
Abdullah AS, Stillman FA, Yang L, Luo H, Zhang Z, Samet JM. Tobacco use and smoking cessation practices among physicians in developing countries: a literature review (1987-2010). Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014, 11:429–55.
Palipudi KM, Gupta PC, Sinha DN, Andes LJ, Asma S, McAfee T. Social determinants of health and tobacco use in thirteen low and middle income countries: evidence from Global Adult Tobacco Survey. PLoS One 2012, 7:e33466.
Trupin L, Earnest G, San Pedro M, Balmes JR, Eisner MD, Yelin E, Katz PP, Blanc PD. The occupational burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2003, 22:462–9.
Mamudu HM, Veeranki SP, John RM. Tobacco use among school-going adolescents (11-17 years) in Ghana. Nicotine Tob Res 2013, 15:1355–64.
Perrin PC, Merrill RM, Lindsay GB. Patterns of smoking behavior among physicians in Yerevan, Armenia. BMC Public Health 2006, 6:139.
Owusu-Dabo E, Lewis S, McNeill A, Anderson S, Gilmore A, Britton J. Smoking in Ghana: a review of tobacco industry activity. Tob Control 2009, 18:206–11.
Oh DL, Heck JE, Dresler C, Allwright S, Haglund M, Del Mazo SS, Kralikova E, Stucker I, Tamang E, Gritz ER, Hashibe M. Determinants of smoking initiation among women in five European countries: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health 2010, 10:74.