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ABSTRACT
Background. The burden of mental disorders continues to grow with significant impacts on health. Their prevalence is higher in patients presenting cardiovascular risk factors.This review takes stock of the frequency, the mechanisms, and the implications of major cardiovascular risk factors in patients with serious mental disorders. Methods. A literature search was done in PubMed from 1980 to 2021 using various combinations of Mesh terms like tobacco, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia. Results. People with serious mental disorders have a greater prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors compared to the general population. Conversely, people with cardiovascular diseases more frequently suffer from serious mental disorders. More specifically, we note that 45 to 88% of patients suffering from schizophrenia are tobacco users, Depression is reported to be 3 times higher in hypertensives than in non-hypertensives while around 19% of type 2 diabetic patients suffer from major depressive disorder which is 3 times greater than in the general population, and the prevalence of dyslipidemia among persons with severe and persistent mental illness is higher than the prevalence in the general population and ranges from 25% to 70%. The concomitant presence of these different pathologies can be explained either by their intertwined pathophysiological mechanisms, or by the side effects of the various medications taken in the context of these chronic diseases. Conclusion. The predisposing factors for the coexistence of mental illnesses and cardiovascular diseases are often entangled. It would be interesting to carry out more studies to elucidate precisely the different pathophysiological mechanisms of these diseases.
RÉSUMÉ
Contexte. La prévalence des maladies mentales est plus élevée chez les patients présentant des facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire. Cette revue fait le point sur la fréquence, les mécanismes et les implications des facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire majeurs chez les patients atteints de pathologies psychiatriques graves. Méthodologie. Une recherche documentaire a été effectuée dans PubMed de 1980 à 2021 en utilisant diverses combinaisons de termes MeSH comme tabac, diabète, hypertension, dyslipidémie, trouble dépressif majeur, trouble bipolaire, schizophrénie. Résultats. Les personnes atteintes de maladie mentales graves ont une plus grande prévalence de facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire majeurs comparé à la population générale. A l'inverse, les personnes atteintes de maladies cardiovasculaires souffrent plus fréquemment de troubles mentaux graves. Plus précisément, on note que 45 à 88% des patients souffrant de schizophrénie consomment du tabac. La dépression serait 3 fois plus élevée chez les hypertendus que chez les non hypertendus. Par ailleurs, environ 19% des patients diabétiques de type 2 souffrent d'un trouble dépressif majeur ce qui est 3 fois plus élevée que dans la population générale. La prévalence des dyslipidémies chez les personnes atteintes d'une maladie mentale grave est supérieure à la prévalence dans la population générale et varie de 25 % à 70 %. La présence concomitante de ces différentes pathologies s'explique soit par leurs mécanismes physiopathologiques imbriqués, soit par les effets secondaires des différents médicaments pris dans le cadre de ces maladies chroniques. Conclusion. Les facteurs prédisposant à la coexistence des maladies mentales et des maladies cardiovasculaires sont souvent intriqués. Il serait intéressant de mener plus d'études pour élucider précisément les différents mécanismes physiopathologiques de ces maladies.
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References
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References
Ritchie H, Roser M. Mental Health. Our World Data janv 2018 ourworldindata.org/mental-health
Mortality in Mental Disorders and Global Disease Burden Implications2021,4461039
Liu NH, Daumit GL, Dua T, Aquila R, Charlson F, Cuijpers P, et al. Excess mortality in persons with severe mental disorders: a multilevel intervention framework and priorities for clinical practice, policy and research agendas. World Psychiatry. févr 2017;16(1):30‑40.
Cardiovascular diseases,mai 2021,www.who.int/westernpacific/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases 5 Sartorious N. Comorbidity of mental and physical diseases: a main challenge for medicine of the 21st century. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry. avr 2013;25(2):68‑9.
Tobacco,mai 2021,,www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco 7. Hughes JR, Hatsukami DK, Mitchell JE, Dahlgren LA. Prevalence of smoking among psychiatric outpatients. Am J Psychiatry. août 1986;143(8):993‑7.
Lasser K, Boyd JW, Woolhandler S, Himmelstein DU, McCormick D, Bor DH. Smoking and mental illness: A population-based prevalence study. JAMA. 22 nov 2000;284(20):2606‑10.
Dickerson F, Stallings CR, Origoni AE, Vaughan C, Khushalani S, Schroeder J, et al. Cigarette smoking among persons with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder in routine clinical settings, 1999-2011. Psychiatr Serv Wash DC. janv 2013;64(1):44‑50.
Morisano D, Bacher I, Audrain-McGovern J, George TP. Mechanisms underlying the comorbidity of tobacco use in mental health and addictive disorders. Can J Psychiatry Rev Can Psychiatr. juin 2009;54(6):356‑67.
Li X-H, An F-R, Ungvari GS, Ng CH, Chiu HFK, Wu P-P, et al. Prevalence of smoking in patients with bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder and schizophrenia and their relationships with quality of life.,août 2017PMC5559601/
Kabwama SN, Ndyanabangi S, Mutungi G, Wesonga R, Bahendeka SK, Guwatudde D. Tobacco use and associated factors among Adults in Uganda: Findings from a nationwide survey. août 67247,0,2
Agaba DC, Migisha R, Lugobe HM, Katamba G, Ashaba S. A 10-Year Risk of Cardiovascular Disease among Patients with Severe Mental Illness at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital, Southwestern Uganda. BioMed Res Int. 24 juill 2020;2020:e2508751.
Kalman D, Kahler CW, Tirch D, Kaschub C, Penk W, Monti PM. Twelve-week outcomes from an investigation of high-dose nicotine patch therapy for heavy smokers with a past history of alcohol dependence. Psychol Addict Behav J Soc Psychol Addict Behav. mars 2004;18(1):78‑82.
Mills KT, Stefanescu A, He J. The global epidemiology of hypertension. Nat Rev Nephrol. avr 2020;16(4):223‑37.
van de Vijver S, Akinyi H, Oti S, Olajide A, Agyemang C, Aboderin I, et al. Status report on hypertension in Africa - Consultative review for the 6th Session of the African Union Conference of Ministers of Health on NCD’s. Pan Afr Med J oct 2013 3932118
Endomba FT, Mazou TN, Bigna JJ. Epidemiology of depressive disorders in people living with hypertension in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 10 déc 2020;10(12):e037975.
Rabkin JG, Charles E, Kass F. Hypertension and DSM-III depression in psychiatric outpatients. Am J Psychiatry. août 1983;140(8):1072‑4.
Kretchy IA, Owusu-Daaku FT, Danquah SA. Mental health in hypertension: assessing symptoms of anxiety, depression and stress on anti-hypertensive medication adherence. Int J Ment Health Syst. 21 juin 2014;8:25.
Everson SA, Kaplan GA, Goldberg DE, Salonen JT. Hypertension incidence is predicted by high levels of hopelessness in Finnish men. Hypertens Dallas Tex 1979. févr 2000;35(2):561‑7.
Scalco AZ, Scalco MZ, Azul JBS, Lotufo Neto F. Hypertension and depression. Clin Sao Paulo Braz. juin 2005;60(3):241‑50.
Adamis D, Ball C. Physical morbidity in elderly psychiatric inpatients: prevalence and possible relations between the major mental disorders and physical illness. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. mars 2000;15(3):248‑53.
Lin Meng 1, Dongmei Chen, Yang Yang, al. Depression increases the risk of hypertension incidence: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies - août 202122343537
Stein DJ, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Bruffaerts R, de Jonge P, Liu Z, et al. Associations between mental disorders and subsequent onset of hypertension. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014;36(2):142‑9.
Weber CO, Weber MCO, MD, Weber is a board-certified occupational specialist who has practiced for over 36 years L about our editorial process CO, MD. How to Choose an Antidepressant When You Have High Blood Pressure juill 202117:63988
Diabetes,mai 2021,www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes
Roy T, Lloyd CE. Epidemiology of depression and diabetes: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. oct 2012;142 Suppl:S8-21.
Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. The Prevalence of Comorbid Depression in Adults With Diabetes: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 1 juin 2001;24(6):1069‑78.
Charles EF, Lambert CG, Kerner B. Bipolar disorder and diabetes mellitus: evidence for disease-modifying effects and treatment implications. Int J Bipolar Disord. juill 2016 [C4936996
On the Association Between Diabetes and Mental Disorders in a Community Sample | Diabetes Care 25 mai 2021 /26/6/184131. Karim MA, Al-Baz N, Ouanes S, Khalil A, Assar AH, Alsiddiqi A, et al. Quality of diabetes care in patients with schizophrenia: a case-control study in Qatar. BMC Psychiatry. 12 mars 2021;21(1):149.
Llorente MD, Urrutia V. Diabetes, Psychiatric Disorders, and the Metabolic Effects of Antipsychotic Medications. Clin Diabetes. 1 janv 2006;24(1):18‑24.
Serum Total Cholesterol Concentrations and Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypercholesterolemia Among US Adults. :1.
LaRosa JC, Hunninghake D, Bush D, Criqui MH, Getz GS, Gotto AM, et al. The cholesterol facts. A summary of the evidence relating dietary fats, serum cholesterol, and coronary heart disease. A joint statement by the American Heart Association and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. The Task Force on Cholesterol Issues, American Heart Association. Circulation. mai 1990;81(5):1721‑33.
Vanderlip ER, Fiedorowicz JG, Haynes WG. Screening, diagnosis, and treatment of dyslipidemia among persons with persistent mental illness: a literature review. Psychiatr Serv Wash DC. juill 2012;63(7):693‑701.
Dyslipidemia and Mental Illness | IntechOpen [Internet]. [cité 25 mai 2021]. Disponible sur: https://www.intechopen.com/books/dyslipidemia-from-prevention-to-treatment/dyslipidemia-and-mental-illness
Morreale MK, Wake LA. Psychiatric Medications and Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep. 7 sept 2020;22(11):86.