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Résumé
Contexte. L'hypertension artérielle (HTA) est un problème majeur de santé publique chez l'enfant, en raison des risques de complications cardiovasculaires et rénales qui y sont associées. La mesure systématique de la pression artérielle et la gestion de son élévation chez les enfants ne sont pas encore clairement codifiées. Objectifs. Déterminer la tension artérielle de base chez les enfants de 4 à 18 ans et étudier l'association entre l'hypertension et certaines variables. Méthodes. Une étude transversale a été réalisée de janvier à juin 2019 dans 4 écoles primaires et secondaires de la ville de Bafoussam à l'aide d'un questionnaire préconçu et en effectuant des mesures anthropométriques selon des directives standardisées. Les données recueillies ont été analysées à l'aide de tests statistiques appropriés. Résultats. 1075 sujets inclus, prévalence de l'hypertension était de 2,1 %, dont 0,1 % avaient une hypertension confirmée selon la classification de la Société française de néphrologie pédiatrique. Les facteurs associés étaient : âge entre 5 et 8 ans, sexe masculin; obésité et durée hebdomadaire d'activité sportive inférieure à 2 heures. Conclusion. Cette étude a montré une prévalence élevée de l'hypertension artérielle à Bafoussam, avec des facteurs de risque évitables. Par conséquent, ces enfants doivent être éduqués sur une bonne nutrition et la nécessité de pratiquer des activités sportives régulières pour éviter le surpoids et l'obésité.
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Cette œuvre est sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International.
##journal.references##
- Ruan Y, Guo Y, Zheng Y, et al. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and associated risk factors among older adults in six low-and middle-income countries: results from SAGE Wave 1. BMC Public Health; 18. Epub ahead of print 20 June 2018. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5653-9.
- Barile P, Galand A. [How I explore...significance of ophthalmoscopy in patients with arterial hypertension]. Rev Med Liege 2004; 59: 734–738.
- Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, et al. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet 2005; 365: 217–223.
- Lawes CMM, Vander Hoorn S, Rodgers A, et al. Global burden of blood-pressure-related disease, 2001. Lancet 2008; 371: 1513–1518.
- Olatunbosun ST, Kaufman JS, Cooper RS, et al. Hypertension in a black population: prevalence and biosocial determinants of high blood pressure in a group of urban Nigerians. J Hum Hypertens 2000; 14: 249–257.
- Cooper R, Rotimi C, Ataman S, et al. The prevalence of hypertension in seven populations of west African origin. Am J Public Health 1997; 87: 160–168.
- van Rooyen JM, Kruger HS, Huisman HW, et al. An epidemiological study of hypertension and its determinants in a population in transition: the THUSA study. J Hum Hypertens 2000; 14: 779–787.
- Also U, Mustafa A, Muuta I. Prevalence of elevated blood pressure among primary school children in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. Nig J Cardiol. 2016;13: 57–61.
- Ujunwa FA, Ikefuna AN, Nwokocha ARC, et al. Hypertension and prehypertension among adolescents in secondary schools in Enugu, South East Nigeria. Ital J Pediatr 2013; 39: 70.
- Senbanjo I, Oshikoya K. Obesity and blood pressure levels of adolescents in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Cardiovasc J Afr 2012; 23: 260–264.
- Ellenga Mbolla BF, Okoko AR, Mabiala Babela JR, et al. Prehypertension and Hypertension among Schoolchildren in Brazzaville, Congo. International Journal of Hypertension. Epub ahead of print 2014. DOI: 10.1155/2014/803690.
- Bissohong, Chelo D, MAH E, et al. Profil tensionnel des enfants et adolescents en milieu scolaire dans la ville de Bertoua [Mémoire de fin d'Etudes Spécialisées en pédiatrie]. Yaoundé : Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Biomédicales Université de Yaoundé 1; 2015.
- Lemogoum D, Kamdem F, Elysée CBL, et al. Hypertension artérielle et facteurs de risque associés chez les adolescents en milieu scolaire au Cameroun. Revue de Médecine et de Pharmacie 2016; 6: 602-611–611.
- Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, et al. 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens 2007; 25: 1105–1187.
- Nganou CN, Essama DB, Nkeck R et al. Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension among school children and adolescents in urban and semi-urban areas in Cameroon. J Clin Hypertens 2021. DOI: 10.1111/jch.14309.
- Chelo D, Mah EM, Chiabi EN. Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension in primary school children, in the centre region of Cameroon. Transl Pediatr 2019, 29 March 2019.
- Shevchenko Yury L., Tsitlik Joshua E. 90th Anniversary of the Development by Nikolai S. Korotkoff of the Auscultatory Method of Measuring Blood Pressure. Circulation 1996; 94: 116–118.
- ANDRE JL, Centre de Médecine Préventive. (C.M.P.). Vandoeuvre les Nancy. FRA / com. Tension artérielle de l’enfant. Mesure, valeurs de référence Définition de l’hypertension artérielle, proposition de stratégie. 1981, pp. 11–23.
- Choukem S-P, Kamdeu-Chedeu J, Leary SD, et al. Overweight and obesity in children aged 3–13 years in urban Cameroon: a cross-sectional study of prevalence and association with socio-economic status. BMC Obes; 4. Epub ahead of print 1 February 2017. DOI: 10.1186/s40608-017-0146-4.
- Wamba PCF, Enyong Oben J, Cianflone K. Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity, and Thinness in Cameroon Urban Children and Adolescents. Journal of Obesity. Epub ahead of print 2013. DOI: 10.1155/2013/737592.
- Pasquet P, S Temgoua L, Melaman-Sego F, et al. Prevalence of overweight and obesity for urban adults in Cameroon. Annals of human biology 2003; 30: 551–62.
- Fezeu LK, Assah FK, Balkau B, et al. Ten-year changes in central obesity and BMI in rural and urban Cameroon. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16: 1144–1147.
- Jobe M, Agbla SC, Prentice AM, et al. High blood pressure and associated risk factors as indicator of preclinical hypertension in rural West Africa: A focus on children and adolescents in The Gambia. Medicine 2017; 96: e6170.
- Wang Z, Ma J, Dong B, et al. Comparison of blood pressure levels among four age groups of Chinese children matched by height. J Hum Hypertens 2012; 26: 437–442.
- ATAEI N, BAIKPOUR M, HOSSEINI M, et al. Blood Pressure Nomograms for Children and Adolescents by Age and Body Mass Index in Tehran, Iran. Iran J Public Health 2017; 46: 368–379.
- Israeli E, Korzets Z, Tekes-Manova D, et al. Blood-pressure categories in adolescence predict development of hypertension in accordance with the European guidelines. Am J Hypertens 2007; 20: 705–709.
- Shasha SM, Cohen-Tal I, Epstein L, et al. Tracking of blood pressure in children: results of 7 years’ follow-up. The Nahariya Study. Isr J Med Sci 1988; 24: 671–675.
- Weir MR, Stafford EM, Gregory G, et al. The relationship between sexual maturity rating, age, and increased blood pressure in adolescents. J Adolesc Health Care 1988; 9: 465–469.
- Iurciuc S, Cimpean AM, Mitu F, et al. Vascular aging and subclinical atherosclerosis: why such a ‘never ending’ and challenging story in cardiology? Clin Interv Aging 2017; 12: 1339–1345.
- Okpokowuruk FS, Akpan MU, Ikpeme EE. Prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension among children and adolescents in a semi-urban area of Uyo Metropolis, Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J 2017; 28: 303.
- Bhimma R, Naicker E, Gounden V, et al. Prevalence of Primary Hypertension and Risk Factors in Grade XII Learners in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Int J Hypertens; 2018. Epub ahead of print 2 July 2018. DOI: 10.1155/2018/3848591.
- Daniels SR, Pratt CA, Hayman LL. Reduction of Risk for Cardiovascular Disease in Children and Adolescents. Circulation 2011; 124: 1673–1686.
- Falkner B, Gidding S. Childhood Obesity and Blood Pressure: Back to the Future? Hypertension 2011; 58: 754–755.
- Brady TM. Obesity-Related Hypertension in Children. Front Pediatr; 5. Epub ahead of print 25 September 2017. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00197.
- Ouchi N, Parker JL, Lugus JJ, et al. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11: 85–97.
- do Carmo JM, da Silva AA, Cai Z, et al. Control of blood pressure, appetite, and glucose by leptin in mice lacking leptin receptors in proopiomelanocortin neurons. Hypertension 2011; 57: 918–926.
- Kalil GZ, Haynes WG. Sympathetic nervous system in obesity-related hypertension: mechanisms and clinical
##journal.references##
Ruan Y, Guo Y, Zheng Y, et al. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and associated risk factors among older adults in six low-and middle-income countries: results from SAGE Wave 1. BMC Public Health; 18. Epub ahead of print 20 June 2018. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5653-9.
Barile P, Galand A. [How I explore...significance of ophthalmoscopy in patients with arterial hypertension]. Rev Med Liege 2004; 59: 734–738.
Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, et al. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet 2005; 365: 217–223.
Lawes CMM, Vander Hoorn S, Rodgers A, et al. Global burden of blood-pressure-related disease, 2001. Lancet 2008; 371: 1513–1518.
Olatunbosun ST, Kaufman JS, Cooper RS, et al. Hypertension in a black population: prevalence and biosocial determinants of high blood pressure in a group of urban Nigerians. J Hum Hypertens 2000; 14: 249–257.
Cooper R, Rotimi C, Ataman S, et al. The prevalence of hypertension in seven populations of west African origin. Am J Public Health 1997; 87: 160–168.
van Rooyen JM, Kruger HS, Huisman HW, et al. An epidemiological study of hypertension and its determinants in a population in transition: the THUSA study. J Hum Hypertens 2000; 14: 779–787.
Also U, Mustafa A, Muuta I. Prevalence of elevated blood pressure among primary school children in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. Nig J Cardiol. 2016;13: 57–61.
Ujunwa FA, Ikefuna AN, Nwokocha ARC, et al. Hypertension and prehypertension among adolescents in secondary schools in Enugu, South East Nigeria. Ital J Pediatr 2013; 39: 70.
Senbanjo I, Oshikoya K. Obesity and blood pressure levels of adolescents in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Cardiovasc J Afr 2012; 23: 260–264.
Ellenga Mbolla BF, Okoko AR, Mabiala Babela JR, et al. Prehypertension and Hypertension among Schoolchildren in Brazzaville, Congo. International Journal of Hypertension. Epub ahead of print 2014. DOI: 10.1155/2014/803690.
Bissohong, Chelo D, MAH E, et al. Profil tensionnel des enfants et adolescents en milieu scolaire dans la ville de Bertoua [Mémoire de fin d'Etudes Spécialisées en pédiatrie]. Yaoundé : Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Biomédicales Université de Yaoundé 1; 2015.
Lemogoum D, Kamdem F, Elysée CBL, et al. Hypertension artérielle et facteurs de risque associés chez les adolescents en milieu scolaire au Cameroun. Revue de Médecine et de Pharmacie 2016; 6: 602-611–611.
Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, et al. 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens 2007; 25: 1105–1187.
Nganou CN, Essama DB, Nkeck R et al. Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension among school children and adolescents in urban and semi-urban areas in Cameroon. J Clin Hypertens 2021. DOI: 10.1111/jch.14309.
Chelo D, Mah EM, Chiabi EN. Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension in primary school children, in the centre region of Cameroon. Transl Pediatr 2019, 29 March 2019.
Shevchenko Yury L., Tsitlik Joshua E. 90th Anniversary of the Development by Nikolai S. Korotkoff of the Auscultatory Method of Measuring Blood Pressure. Circulation 1996; 94: 116–118.
ANDRE JL, Centre de Médecine Préventive. (C.M.P.). Vandoeuvre les Nancy. FRA / com. Tension artérielle de l’enfant. Mesure, valeurs de référence Définition de l’hypertension artérielle, proposition de stratégie. 1981, pp. 11–23.
Choukem S-P, Kamdeu-Chedeu J, Leary SD, et al. Overweight and obesity in children aged 3–13 years in urban Cameroon: a cross-sectional study of prevalence and association with socio-economic status. BMC Obes; 4. Epub ahead of print 1 February 2017. DOI: 10.1186/s40608-017-0146-4.
Wamba PCF, Enyong Oben J, Cianflone K. Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity, and Thinness in Cameroon Urban Children and Adolescents. Journal of Obesity. Epub ahead of print 2013. DOI: 10.1155/2013/737592.
Pasquet P, S Temgoua L, Melaman-Sego F, et al. Prevalence of overweight and obesity for urban adults in Cameroon. Annals of human biology 2003; 30: 551–62.
Fezeu LK, Assah FK, Balkau B, et al. Ten-year changes in central obesity and BMI in rural and urban Cameroon. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16: 1144–1147.
Jobe M, Agbla SC, Prentice AM, et al. High blood pressure and associated risk factors as indicator of preclinical hypertension in rural West Africa: A focus on children and adolescents in The Gambia. Medicine 2017; 96: e6170.
Wang Z, Ma J, Dong B, et al. Comparison of blood pressure levels among four age groups of Chinese children matched by height. J Hum Hypertens 2012; 26: 437–442.
ATAEI N, BAIKPOUR M, HOSSEINI M, et al. Blood Pressure Nomograms for Children and Adolescents by Age and Body Mass Index in Tehran, Iran. Iran J Public Health 2017; 46: 368–379.
Israeli E, Korzets Z, Tekes-Manova D, et al. Blood-pressure categories in adolescence predict development of hypertension in accordance with the European guidelines. Am J Hypertens 2007; 20: 705–709.
Shasha SM, Cohen-Tal I, Epstein L, et al. Tracking of blood pressure in children: results of 7 years’ follow-up. The Nahariya Study. Isr J Med Sci 1988; 24: 671–675.
Weir MR, Stafford EM, Gregory G, et al. The relationship between sexual maturity rating, age, and increased blood pressure in adolescents. J Adolesc Health Care 1988; 9: 465–469.
Iurciuc S, Cimpean AM, Mitu F, et al. Vascular aging and subclinical atherosclerosis: why such a ‘never ending’ and challenging story in cardiology? Clin Interv Aging 2017; 12: 1339–1345.
Okpokowuruk FS, Akpan MU, Ikpeme EE. Prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension among children and adolescents in a semi-urban area of Uyo Metropolis, Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J 2017; 28: 303.
Bhimma R, Naicker E, Gounden V, et al. Prevalence of Primary Hypertension and Risk Factors in Grade XII Learners in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Int J Hypertens; 2018. Epub ahead of print 2 July 2018. DOI: 10.1155/2018/3848591.
Daniels SR, Pratt CA, Hayman LL. Reduction of Risk for Cardiovascular Disease in Children and Adolescents. Circulation 2011; 124: 1673–1686.
Falkner B, Gidding S. Childhood Obesity and Blood Pressure: Back to the Future? Hypertension 2011; 58: 754–755.
Brady TM. Obesity-Related Hypertension in Children. Front Pediatr; 5. Epub ahead of print 25 September 2017. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00197.
Ouchi N, Parker JL, Lugus JJ, et al. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11: 85–97.
do Carmo JM, da Silva AA, Cai Z, et al. Control of blood pressure, appetite, and glucose by leptin in mice lacking leptin receptors in proopiomelanocortin neurons. Hypertension 2011; 57: 918–926.
Kalil GZ, Haynes WG. Sympathetic nervous system in obesity-related hypertension: mechanisms and clinical