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Abstract
A study of under-exploited sources of non-starch polysaccharides from West African food was carried out on four commonly used traditional plant food thickeners namely, Grewia spp., Triumfetta spp., Beilschmiedia spp. and Irvingia gabonensis, bought from the markets of Maroua, Garoua and Ngaoundere in Cameroon. The extraction and isolation of water-soluble non-starch polysaccharides (s-NSP) were performed using standard analysis test to determine the intrinsic viscosity, the purity of the extracted s-NSP and original flours, as well as the concentration of polysaccharides and other nutrients using the standard. Chemical analysis of the five food thickeners showed variation in ash, protein, fat, moisture and carbohydrate content. Ash content was comparatively high for Nkui and Grewia, with mean contents of 9.01 ±1.5mg and 7.92± 1.1mg respectively. Except for Nkui and Grewia which showed low protein content below 5% whereas, the other three food thickeners had no significant variation in their protein contents.
There were variations in monosaccharide’s composition of water soluble and non soluble polysaccharide across the five starch thickeners. Apart from galactose which was comparatively high with a mean value of 18.1±3.1mg in Nduk 1, xylose and fructose were not recorded for any of the water insoluble flour food thickeners.
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References
- Abdulrahman F, Inyang IS, Abbah J, Binda L, Amos S, Gamaniel K. Effect of aqueous leaf extract of Irvingia gabonensis on gastrointestinal tract in rodents.
- Indian J Exp Biol. 42(8):787-91, 2004.
- Agbor GA, Oben JE, Ngogang JY, Xinxing C, Vinson JA. Antioxidant capacity of some herbs/spices from Cameroon: a comparative study of two methods.J Agric Food Chem; 53(17):6819-6824, 2005.
- Amos AF, McCarty DJ, Zimmet P. The rising global burden of diabetes and its complications: estimates and projections to the year 2010. Diabet Med 14:81-85, 1997.
- Egan, H, Kirk R.S, Sawyer R. Pearson’s Chemical Analysis of Foods. Churchill Livingstone. Edinburgh. Pp7-34, 1981.
- Ellis, P.R., Wang Q, Rayment P, Ren Y. and Ross-Murphy, S.B. Guar Gum agricultural
- and botanical aspects, physicochemical and nutritional properties, and its use in the
- development of functional foods, In: Choss and Dreher M (eds) Handbook of Dietary
- Fibre pp. 613-657, 2000.
- Fagot-Campagna A, Pettitt DJ, Engelgau MM Type 2 Diabetes among North American
- children and adolescents: an epidemiological review and a public health perspective. J
- Pediatr; 6:664-672, 2001.
- Fairchild RM, Ellis PR, Byrne AJ, Luizio SD, Mir MA. A new breakfast cereal
- Containing guar gum reduces postprandial plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in
- normal-weight human subjects. Br J Nutr. 76:63-73, 1996.
- Flammang AM, Kendall DM, Baumgartnerm CJ, Trish D. Slagle TD, and Yong S. Choe YS. Effect of a Viscous Fiber Bar on Postprandial Glycemia in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 25, No. 5, 409-414, 2006.
- Gautier JF, Sobngwi E, Vexiau P. Comment je traite et prends en charge un diabete du
- Sujet Noir. Journ Annu Diabetol Hotel Dieu. 165-178, 2001.
- Ghafoor A. Flora of Pakistan (ed) Nasir, E., Steward Herbarium Gordon College
- Rawalpindi and Ali, SI., Dept. of Botany Univ. Karachi No. 75, 1974.
- Girhammar U, Nair B.M. Isolation, separation and characterization of water soluble
- non-starch polysaccharides from wheat and rye. FD. Hydrocoll. 6:285-299, 1992.
- Groop P.H, Aro A, Stenman S, Groop L. Long term effects of guar gum In subjects with
- non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin; 58:513 518, 1993.
- Gwatkin D, Guillot M, Heuveline P. The burden of disease among the global poor.
- Lancet. 354: 586-589, 1999.
- Isimi CY, Kunle OO, Bangudu AB. Some emulsifying and suspending properties of the mucilage extracted from kernels of Irvingia gabonensis. Boll Chim Farm.; 139(5):199-204, 2000.
- Kuete V, Wabo GF, Ngameni B, Mbaveng AT, Metuno R, Etoa FX, Ngadjui BT, Beng VP, Meyer JJ, Lall N. Antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract, fractions and compounds from the stem bark of Irvingia gabonensis (Ixonanthaceae).
- J Ethnopharmacol; 114(1):54-60, 2007.
- Levitt NS. Diabetes in Africa: epidemiology, management and healthcare challenges. Heart.; 94:1376-1382, 2008.
- Lowe AJ, Gillies AC, Wilson J, Dawson IK. Conservation genetics of bush mango from central/west Africa: implications from random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Mol Ecol; 7:831-41, 2009.
- Morgan LM, Tredger JA, Wright J, Marks V. The effect of soluble and insoluble-fibre supplementation on post-prandial glucose tolerance, insulin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide secretion in healthy subjects. Br J Nutr; 64:101-103, 1990.
- Ndjouenkeu R, Goycoolea FM, Morris ER, and Akingbala JO. Rheology of okro (Hibiscus esculentus L.) and dika nut (Irivingia gabonensis) Polysaccharides. Carb Polym.; 29:263-269, 1995.
- Ndjouenkeu R, Akingbala JO, Oguntimein GB.Emulsifying properties of three African
- food hydrocolloids: okro (Hibiscus esulentus), dikanut (Irvingia gabonensis), and Khan
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- Ngondi JL, Oben JE, Minka SR. The effect of Irvingia gabonensis seeds on body weight and blood lipids of obese subjects in Cameroon. Lipids Health Dis. 25:4-12, 2005.
- Oben JE, Ngondi JL, Momo CN, Agbor GA, Sobgui CS. The use of a Cissus
- quadrangularis/Irvingia gabonensis combination in the management of weight loss: a double-
- blind placebo-controlled study.Lipids Health Dis.; 31:7 12, 2008.
- Odeku OA, Patani BO. Evaluation of dika nut mucilage (Irvingia gabonensis) as binding agent in metronidazole tablet formulations. Pharm Dev Technol.; 10(3):439-46, 2005.
- Onyechi, U.A, Judd P.A, Ellis PR. African plant foods rich in non- starch
- polysaccharides reduce postprandial blood glucose and insulin concentrations in healthy
- human subjects. Brit. J. Nutr; 80: 419-428, 1998.
- Pearson D. The chemical analysis of foods 7TH Ed. Church Livingstone Longman group
- Limited: pp 493-494.), 1991.
- Sobgwi E, Mauvais F, Vexiau P, Mbanya JC, Gautier JF. Diabetes in Africans. Part 1:
- epidemiology and Clinical specificaties. Diabetes Meta (Paris). 27:628-634, 2001.
- Tairu AO, Hofmann T, Schieberle P. Studies on the key odorants formed by roasting of wild mango seeds (Irvingia gabonensis).J Agric Food Chem 48(6):2391-4, 2000
- Tanya AN, Mbofung CM, Keshinro OO. Soluble and insoluble fibre contents of some camerooninan foodstuffs. Plant Food Hum. Nutr; 51:199-207, 1997.
- Yilong Ren, David R. Picout, Peter R. Ellis Simon B. Ross-Murphy and JS, Grant R. A novel xyloglucan from seeds of Afzelia africana Se. Pers.—extraction, characterization, and conformational properties. Carbo. Res. 340; 5:997-1005, 2000.
- World Health Organization (WHO/FAO). Expert Consultation on Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases WHO Joint – Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press.pp211, 2003
References
Abdulrahman F, Inyang IS, Abbah J, Binda L, Amos S, Gamaniel K. Effect of aqueous leaf extract of Irvingia gabonensis on gastrointestinal tract in rodents.
Indian J Exp Biol. 42(8):787-91, 2004.
Agbor GA, Oben JE, Ngogang JY, Xinxing C, Vinson JA. Antioxidant capacity of some herbs/spices from Cameroon: a comparative study of two methods.J Agric Food Chem; 53(17):6819-6824, 2005.
Amos AF, McCarty DJ, Zimmet P. The rising global burden of diabetes and its complications: estimates and projections to the year 2010. Diabet Med 14:81-85, 1997.
Egan, H, Kirk R.S, Sawyer R. Pearson’s Chemical Analysis of Foods. Churchill Livingstone. Edinburgh. Pp7-34, 1981.
Ellis, P.R., Wang Q, Rayment P, Ren Y. and Ross-Murphy, S.B. Guar Gum agricultural
and botanical aspects, physicochemical and nutritional properties, and its use in the
development of functional foods, In: Choss and Dreher M (eds) Handbook of Dietary
Fibre pp. 613-657, 2000.
Fagot-Campagna A, Pettitt DJ, Engelgau MM Type 2 Diabetes among North American
children and adolescents: an epidemiological review and a public health perspective. J
Pediatr; 6:664-672, 2001.
Fairchild RM, Ellis PR, Byrne AJ, Luizio SD, Mir MA. A new breakfast cereal
Containing guar gum reduces postprandial plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in
normal-weight human subjects. Br J Nutr. 76:63-73, 1996.
Flammang AM, Kendall DM, Baumgartnerm CJ, Trish D. Slagle TD, and Yong S. Choe YS. Effect of a Viscous Fiber Bar on Postprandial Glycemia in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 25, No. 5, 409-414, 2006.
Gautier JF, Sobngwi E, Vexiau P. Comment je traite et prends en charge un diabete du
Sujet Noir. Journ Annu Diabetol Hotel Dieu. 165-178, 2001.
Ghafoor A. Flora of Pakistan (ed) Nasir, E., Steward Herbarium Gordon College
Rawalpindi and Ali, SI., Dept. of Botany Univ. Karachi No. 75, 1974.
Girhammar U, Nair B.M. Isolation, separation and characterization of water soluble
non-starch polysaccharides from wheat and rye. FD. Hydrocoll. 6:285-299, 1992.
Groop P.H, Aro A, Stenman S, Groop L. Long term effects of guar gum In subjects with
non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin; 58:513 518, 1993.
Gwatkin D, Guillot M, Heuveline P. The burden of disease among the global poor.
Lancet. 354: 586-589, 1999.
Isimi CY, Kunle OO, Bangudu AB. Some emulsifying and suspending properties of the mucilage extracted from kernels of Irvingia gabonensis. Boll Chim Farm.; 139(5):199-204, 2000.
Kuete V, Wabo GF, Ngameni B, Mbaveng AT, Metuno R, Etoa FX, Ngadjui BT, Beng VP, Meyer JJ, Lall N. Antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract, fractions and compounds from the stem bark of Irvingia gabonensis (Ixonanthaceae).
J Ethnopharmacol; 114(1):54-60, 2007.
Levitt NS. Diabetes in Africa: epidemiology, management and healthcare challenges. Heart.; 94:1376-1382, 2008.
Lowe AJ, Gillies AC, Wilson J, Dawson IK. Conservation genetics of bush mango from central/west Africa: implications from random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Mol Ecol; 7:831-41, 2009.
Morgan LM, Tredger JA, Wright J, Marks V. The effect of soluble and insoluble-fibre supplementation on post-prandial glucose tolerance, insulin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide secretion in healthy subjects. Br J Nutr; 64:101-103, 1990.
Ndjouenkeu R, Goycoolea FM, Morris ER, and Akingbala JO. Rheology of okro (Hibiscus esculentus L.) and dika nut (Irivingia gabonensis) Polysaccharides. Carb Polym.; 29:263-269, 1995.
Ndjouenkeu R, Akingbala JO, Oguntimein GB.Emulsifying properties of three African
food hydrocolloids: okro (Hibiscus esulentus), dikanut (Irvingia gabonensis), and Khan
(Belshmiedia sp.). Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 51: 245-255, 1997.
Ngondi JL, Oben JE, Minka SR. The effect of Irvingia gabonensis seeds on body weight and blood lipids of obese subjects in Cameroon. Lipids Health Dis. 25:4-12, 2005.
Oben JE, Ngondi JL, Momo CN, Agbor GA, Sobgui CS. The use of a Cissus
quadrangularis/Irvingia gabonensis combination in the management of weight loss: a double-
blind placebo-controlled study.Lipids Health Dis.; 31:7 12, 2008.
Odeku OA, Patani BO. Evaluation of dika nut mucilage (Irvingia gabonensis) as binding agent in metronidazole tablet formulations. Pharm Dev Technol.; 10(3):439-46, 2005.
Onyechi, U.A, Judd P.A, Ellis PR. African plant foods rich in non- starch
polysaccharides reduce postprandial blood glucose and insulin concentrations in healthy
human subjects. Brit. J. Nutr; 80: 419-428, 1998.
Pearson D. The chemical analysis of foods 7TH Ed. Church Livingstone Longman group
Limited: pp 493-494.), 1991.
Sobgwi E, Mauvais F, Vexiau P, Mbanya JC, Gautier JF. Diabetes in Africans. Part 1:
epidemiology and Clinical specificaties. Diabetes Meta (Paris). 27:628-634, 2001.
Tairu AO, Hofmann T, Schieberle P. Studies on the key odorants formed by roasting of wild mango seeds (Irvingia gabonensis).J Agric Food Chem 48(6):2391-4, 2000
Tanya AN, Mbofung CM, Keshinro OO. Soluble and insoluble fibre contents of some camerooninan foodstuffs. Plant Food Hum. Nutr; 51:199-207, 1997.
Yilong Ren, David R. Picout, Peter R. Ellis Simon B. Ross-Murphy and JS, Grant R. A novel xyloglucan from seeds of Afzelia africana Se. Pers.—extraction, characterization, and conformational properties. Carbo. Res. 340; 5:997-1005, 2000.
World Health Organization (WHO/FAO). Expert Consultation on Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases WHO Joint – Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press.pp211, 2003