Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction. The highest incidence of HIV in Cameroon is found among adolescents and young people (teenagers). The country, however, devotes significant preventive investments for this group. For an efficient and effective implementation of the fight against HIV in this group, it is essential to study the spatial and demographic distribution of these populations in a context of vulnerability to HIV in Cameroon.
Methods. This cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted in the ten regions of Cameroon. The approach used was that of programmatic mapping developed by the University of Manitoba (Canada). Adolescents and youths at risk of HIV were people aged 10 to 24 years in relation to key populations (KPs) such as: sex workers, men who have sex with men, and drug users; either on (or near) hot spots; or living with a KP outside the hot spots.
Results. A total of 3 425 hotspots were identified. The number of vulnerable adolescents was estimated at 201 653 (155 615-247 691). Littoral, Centre, and Western regions had the highest number with 37 442 (29 015-45 828), 32 917 (26 901-38 932) and 24 472 (18 332-30 613) respectively.
Conclusion. These results suggest that preventive measures should be developed for adolescents, as well as the conduct of Integrated Biological and Behavioral Surveillance (IBBS) to better understand their vulnerabilities, their needs and the extent of HIV in this group.
RÉSUMÉ
Introduction. La plus forte incidence du VIH au Cameroun se retrouve chez les adolescent(e)s et jeunes. Le pays consacre pourtant des investissements de prévention importants pour ce groupe. Pour une mise en œuvre efficace et efficiente de la lutte contre le VIH dans ce groupe, il est indispensable d’étudier la distribution spatiale et démographique de ces populations en contexte de vulnérabilité au VIH au Cameroun.
Méthodes. Cette étude transversale et descriptive a été réalisée dans les dix régions du Cameroun. L’approche utilisée a été celle de la cartographie programmatique développée par l’Université de Manitoba (Canada). Les adolescent(e)s et jeunes vulnérables au VIH étaient des personnes âgées entre 10 et 24 ans en lien avec les populations clés (PC) telles que : Travailleuses de sexe, Hommes ayant des rapports sexuels avec des hommes, et Usagers de drogues; soit sur (ou proximité) les points chauds (PCd); ou vivant avec une PC en dehors du PCd.
Résultats. Au total 3 425 PCds ont été identifiés. Le nombre des adolescent(e)s et jeunes vulnérables était estimé à 201 653 (155 615-247 691). Les régions du Littoral, du Centre et de l’Ouest comptaient le plus grand nombre avec respectivement 37 442 (29 015-45 828), 32 917 (26 901-38 932), et 24 472 (18 332-30 613).
Conclusion. Ces résultats suggèrent de développer des interventions spécifiques de prévention chez les adolescent(e)s et jeunes autour des « points chauds », ainsi que la conduite d’études bio-comportementales dans ce groupe, afin de mieux comprendre l’envergure et les déterminants de leur vulnérabilité.
Article Details
References
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- Billong SC, Fokam J, Essi MJ, Nguefack-Tsague G, Billong EJ, Papworth E et al. Prévalence de l’Infection à VIH et comportements sexuels chez les Hommes Homosexuels dans la ville de Yaoundé au Cameroun. Health Sci. Dis. 2013; 14(2): 1-9.
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- Johns Hopkins University, Metabiota Cameroon, CARE USA, CNLS. Integrated Biological and Behavioral Survey among Key Populations in Cameroon: Female sex workers and men who have sex with men . 2016. Final report May 2017 | Funded by U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
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- https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/2015_terminology_guidelines_fr.pdf
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- Gexha Bunjaku D, Deva E, Gashi L, Kaçaniku-Gunga P, Comins CA, Emmanuel F. Programmatic Mapping to Estimate Size, Distribution, and Dynamics of Key Populations in Kosovo. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2019 Mar 5; 5(1):e11194. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30835241
- Pathack A, Saumtally A, Soobhany S, Comins CA, Kinoo SAH, Emmanuel F. Programmatic mapping to determine the size and dynamics of sex work and injecting drug use in Mauritius. Afr J AIDS Res. 2018 Jul; 17(2):129-136. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29745291
- Odek WO, Githuka GN, Avery L, Njoroge PK, Kasonde L, Gorgens M et al. Estimating the size of the female sex worker population in Kenya to inform HIV prevention programming. PLoS One. 2014 March; 9(3): e89180. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24595029
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References
CAMPHIA 2018. Cameroon population-based HIV impact assessment: preliminary findings. 2018. summary sheet for CAMPHIA 2017. https://phia.icap.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/3471CAMPHIA_Cameroon-SS_A4_v13_requests_7.25.18.pdf
Institut National de la Statistique et ICF International. Rapport de l’Enquête Démographique et de Santé 2004. 2005. Calverton, Maryland, USA : INS et ICF International https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR163/FR163-CM04.pdf
Institut National de la Statistique et ICF International. Rapport de l’Enquête Démographique et de Santé et à indicateurs multiples du Cameroun 2011. 2012. Calverton, Maryland, USA : INS et ICF International https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/fr260/fr260.pdf
Billong SC, Fokam J, Essi MJ, Nguefack-Tsague G, Billong EJ, Papworth E et al. Prévalence de l’Infection à VIH et comportements sexuels chez les Hommes Homosexuels dans la ville de Yaoundé au Cameroun. Health Sci. Dis. 2013; 14(2): 1-9.
Tamoufe U, Medang, R. Seroepidemiological and behavioural investigation of HIV/AIDS and syphilis in Cameroon sex workers. 2009. UNFPA and Johns Hopkins Global Viral Forecasting Initiative Final report. https://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/research-to-prevention/publications/cameroon-brief.pdf
Johns Hopkins University, Metabiota Cameroon, CARE USA, CNLS. Integrated Biological and Behavioral Survey among Key Populations in Cameroon: Female sex workers and men who have sex with men . 2016. Final report May 2017 | Funded by U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
ONUSIDA. Guide de terminologie de l’ONUSIDA. 2015.
https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/2015_terminology_guidelines_fr.pdf
ONUSIDA et OMS (2011) : Lignes directrices relatives à l’estimation de la taille des populations les plus exposées au VIH. 2011. http://files.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/epidemiology/2011/2011_Estimating_Populations_fr.pdf
Papworth E, Grosso A, Ketende S, Wirtz A, Cange C, Kennedy C et al. Examining Risk Factors for HIV and Access to Services among Female Sex Workers (FSW) and Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) in Burkina Faso, Togo, and Cameroon. Baltimore: USAID | Project Search: Research to Prevention. https://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/research-to-prevention/publications/WA_FinalReport.pdf
Billong SC, Nguefack-Tsague G, Fokam J, Emmanuel F, Isac S, Fodjo RAT et al. Mapping and size estimates of female sex workers in Cameroon: Toward informed policy for design and implementation in the national HIV program. PLoS One. 2019 Feb 26; 14(2): e0212315. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30807616
Global Fund. Using Programmatic Mapping to Improve Program Access and Coverage for Key Populations Guidelines for Countries; 2010. http://www.mcr-comisca.org/sites/all/modules/ckeditor/ckfinder/userfiles/files/Programmatic%20Mapping%20WorkBook%20March%2031%20Final%20(002).pdf
Gexha Bunjaku D, Deva E, Gashi L, Kaçaniku-Gunga P, Comins CA, Emmanuel F. Programmatic Mapping to Estimate Size, Distribution, and Dynamics of Key Populations in Kosovo. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2019 Mar 5; 5(1):e11194. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30835241
Pathack A, Saumtally A, Soobhany S, Comins CA, Kinoo SAH, Emmanuel F. Programmatic mapping to determine the size and dynamics of sex work and injecting drug use in Mauritius. Afr J AIDS Res. 2018 Jul; 17(2):129-136. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29745291
Odek WO, Githuka GN, Avery L, Njoroge PK, Kasonde L, Gorgens M et al. Estimating the size of the female sex worker population in Kenya to inform HIV prevention programming. PLoS One. 2014 March; 9(3): e89180. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24595029
Hartung C, Lerer A, Anokwa Y, Tseng C, Brunette W, Borriello G. Open data kit: tools to build information services for developing regions. ICTD '10 Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development. 2010. Dec; 18. https://opendatakit.org/software/
CNLS. Plan Stratégique National de Lutte Contre le VIH, Le SIDA et les IST 2018-2022. Rapport. 2017. Yaoundé: CNLS.
Billong SC, Nguefack-Tsague G, Penda CI, Ernest A. Mvilongo EA, Ngo Nemb et al. Prévalence du VIH chez les Étudiants des Universités de Yaoundé et Comportements Associés. Health Sci. Dis. 2018 Aug;19(3): 56-63
CNLS. Plan intégré national de communication contre Contre le VIH, Le SIDA et les IST 2018-2022. Rapport. 2018. Yaoundé: CNLS.
ONUSIDA (2014). Perspective ONUSIDA 2014, le Rapport sur les villes http://observgo.uquebec.ca/observgo/ fichiers/85195_ ville1.pdf