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Abstract
Background. The COVID-19 pandemic has added an additional burden in countries with already fragile health systems. Our objective was to determine the prevalence and seroprevalence of COVID-19 in suspected malaria during the second wave in Yaounde. Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Jordan Medical Services for 8 weeks from April 19 to June 13, 2021, i.e., during the second wave in Cameroon. For the 86 patients with suspected malaria, nasopharyngeal and blood samples were taken for SARS-CoV-2 antigen and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM using the STANDARD TM Q COVID-19 Ag kit from SD BIOSENSOR, Korea, 2020 and Standard TM Q COVID 19 Ac IgG/IgM kit from SD BIOSENSOR, Korea, 2020 respectively. Confirmation of malaria was done by microscopic examination of stained blood smears. Results. Malaria was confirmed in 20.9% (18) of cases. The prevalences of COVID-19 and COVID-19/malaria co-infection were 8.1% and 0.9% respectively. Of the 25.6% (54) of patients with anti-COVID-19 IgM, no positive microscopic cases were found. On the other hand, a little more than half of the patients had IgG antibodies against COVID-19 whether they had a positive thick drop or not (56.0% (42/75) and 52.2% (71/136) respectively). Conclusion. In case of suspicion of malaria in a malaria area, it seems important to consider COVID-19 as a differential diagnosis.
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References
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- Hui DS, Azhar EI, Madani TA, Ntoumi F, Kock R, Dar O and al. The Continuing 2019-NCOV Epidemic Threat of Novell Coronaviruses To Global Health - The latest 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak in Wuhan, China. International journal of infectious diseases 2020 ; 91 : 264-266.
- World Health Organization: WHO Dashboard on Coronavirus (COVID-19).https://covid19.who.int/
- Bell D, Schultz Hansen K. Relative burden of covid-19 epidemics, malaria, tuberculosis and HIV / AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. AM J LAV MED HYG. 2021; 105 (6): 1510-1515
- World Health Organization: Report 2021 on Malaria in the world-Info-Message Records.https://cdn.who.int/
- Ajayi IO, Ajumobi OO, Falad C. Malaria and Covid-19: Commonalities, Intersections and Implications for Sustaining Malaria Control. Pan Afr Med J. 2020 Sep 1, 37 (Suppl 1): 1
- Anyanwu Mu. The association between the prevalence of malaria and the mortality related to the COVID-19.BMC Infect say. 2021 Sep 19, 21 (1): 975
- Raham TF. Influence of cloud endemia and prevalence of tuberculosis on mortality due to the COVID-19.Public health. May 2021; 194: 33-35
- Kalungi A, Kinyanda E, Akena DH, Kaleebu P, Bisganga IM. Less severe cases of COVID-19 in Sub-Saharan Africa: could co-infection or a recent history of plasmodium falciparum infection be protective?. Frontiers in immunology 2021 ; 12: 565625
- Hussein MIH, Albashir AAD, Elawad OAMA, Homeida A. Malaria and COVID-19: unmasking their ties. Malaria journal 2020; 19 (1): 1-10
- Heuschen AK, Lu G, Razum O, Abdul-Mumin A, Sankoh O, Von Seidlein L and al. Public health-relevant consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on malaria in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review. Malaria journal 2021; 20 (1): 339
- de Laval F, Maugey N, Bonet d’Oléon A, Pommier de Santi V, Ficko C. Increased risk of severe malaria in travellers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Travel Medicine 2021; 28 (6): taab106
- Pusparani A, Henrina J, Cahyadi A. Co-infection with COVID-19 and recurring malaria.J Infect Dev Ctries. 2021; 15 (5): 625-629
- Wilairaratana P, Masangkay EN, Kotepui KU, Milanez GJ, Kotepui M. Prevalence and malaria characteristics in people with COVID-19: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Analysis of Case Reporting.PLOS Negl too dis here. 2021 Oct 1; 15 (10)
- WHO: boards for microscopic diagnosis of malaria. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2010
- SIDIBE, Dramane. Place du paludisme dans les étiologies des fièvres au CSCom de Dialakorodji Pays d’origine: Mali. 2021. Thèse de doctorat. USTTB.
- Touré M, Diallo CO, N’Zoue KS, Yobo-Bi MS, Kée Mankoh Y-C, Kamagaté M. Efficacy of artemisinin-based combinations therapies in real life use in uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria treatment in Côte d’Ivoire. Rev int sc méd Abj 2020; 22(3):169-180.
- Saoud MZ, Ezzariga N, Benaissa E, Moustachi A, Lyagoubi M, Aoufi S. Imported malaria: 54 cases diagnosed at the Ibn Sina Hospital Center in Rabat, Morocco. Med Sante Trop. 2019;29(2):159-163.
- Milner DA Jr. Malaria Pathogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2018 ; 8(1):a025569.
- Lechner M, Chandrasekharan D, Jumani K, Liu J, Gane S, Lund VJ and al. Anosmia as a presenting symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthcare workers–a systematic review of the literature, case series, and recommendations for clinical assessment and management. Rhinology 2020; 58(4): 394-399.
- Mahalaxmi I, Kaavya J, Mohana Devi S, Balachandar V. COVID‐19 and olfactory dysfunction: A possible associative approach towards neurodegenerative diseases. Journal of cellular physiology 2021; 236(2): 763-770.
- Baj J, Karakuła-Juchnowicz H, Teresiński G, Buszewicz G, Ciesielka M, Sitarz R and al. COVID-19: specific and non-specific clinical manifestations and symptoms: the current state of knowledge. Journal of clinical medicine 2020; 9(6): 1753.
- Doutoum AA, Dongous DM, Gondimo EG, Laougangta RD, Adoum A, Garandi B. & Njintang NY. Prévalence et facteurs des risques associés au paludisme chez les patients de l’Hôpital Provincial d’Abéché (Tchad) [Prevalence and factors of risk halting patients in patients in the Abbut Provincial Hospital (Chad)]. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 2019; 13 (4), 1995-2004.
- Cisse M, Camara A, Fofana A, Lama E. Parcours du malade pour la recherche des soins contre le paludisme au niveau d’un district sanitaire [Pattern of the patient to seek care against malaria at a health district]. Infectious Diseases Now 2021; 51(5): S109-S110.
- Voundi EV, Mintya AN, Fokeng MG, Soppo Lobe CV, Ngo Nyeki AR., Beyala F and al. Mass screening of COVID 19 in a Yaoundé University Community from October to December 2020. Health Sci. Dis: 2021; 22 (12): 49-54.
- Igala M, Bivigou EA, Kombila UD, Ngoua SN, Ngomas JF, Mougougou A and al. Co-infection paludisme et COVID-19 chez les patients admis au service d’infectiologie COVID du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Libreville [Co-infection of malaria and COVID-19 in patients admitted to the COVID Infectious Disease Department of the Libreville University Hospital Center]. Pan Afr Med J. 2022 ; 41:101.
References
Lu H, Stratton CW, Tang YW. Outbreak of Pneumonia of Unknown Etiology in Wuhan, China: The Mystery and The Miracle. J Med Virol. 2020; 92 (4): 401-402.
Hui DS, Azhar EI, Madani TA, Ntoumi F, Kock R, Dar O and al. The Continuing 2019-NCOV Epidemic Threat of Novell Coronaviruses To Global Health - The latest 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak in Wuhan, China. International journal of infectious diseases 2020 ; 91 : 264-266.
World Health Organization: WHO Dashboard on Coronavirus (COVID-19).https://covid19.who.int/
Bell D, Schultz Hansen K. Relative burden of covid-19 epidemics, malaria, tuberculosis and HIV / AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. AM J LAV MED HYG. 2021; 105 (6): 1510-1515
World Health Organization: Report 2021 on Malaria in the world-Info-Message Records.https://cdn.who.int/
Ajayi IO, Ajumobi OO, Falad C. Malaria and Covid-19: Commonalities, Intersections and Implications for Sustaining Malaria Control. Pan Afr Med J. 2020 Sep 1, 37 (Suppl 1): 1
Anyanwu Mu. The association between the prevalence of malaria and the mortality related to the COVID-19.BMC Infect say. 2021 Sep 19, 21 (1): 975
Raham TF. Influence of cloud endemia and prevalence of tuberculosis on mortality due to the COVID-19.Public health. May 2021; 194: 33-35
Kalungi A, Kinyanda E, Akena DH, Kaleebu P, Bisganga IM. Less severe cases of COVID-19 in Sub-Saharan Africa: could co-infection or a recent history of plasmodium falciparum infection be protective?. Frontiers in immunology 2021 ; 12: 565625
Hussein MIH, Albashir AAD, Elawad OAMA, Homeida A. Malaria and COVID-19: unmasking their ties. Malaria journal 2020; 19 (1): 1-10
Heuschen AK, Lu G, Razum O, Abdul-Mumin A, Sankoh O, Von Seidlein L and al. Public health-relevant consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on malaria in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review. Malaria journal 2021; 20 (1): 339
de Laval F, Maugey N, Bonet d’Oléon A, Pommier de Santi V, Ficko C. Increased risk of severe malaria in travellers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Travel Medicine 2021; 28 (6): taab106
Pusparani A, Henrina J, Cahyadi A. Co-infection with COVID-19 and recurring malaria.J Infect Dev Ctries. 2021; 15 (5): 625-629
Wilairaratana P, Masangkay EN, Kotepui KU, Milanez GJ, Kotepui M. Prevalence and malaria characteristics in people with COVID-19: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Analysis of Case Reporting.PLOS Negl too dis here. 2021 Oct 1; 15 (10)
WHO: boards for microscopic diagnosis of malaria. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2010
SIDIBE, Dramane. Place du paludisme dans les étiologies des fièvres au CSCom de Dialakorodji Pays d’origine: Mali. 2021. Thèse de doctorat. USTTB.
Touré M, Diallo CO, N’Zoue KS, Yobo-Bi MS, Kée Mankoh Y-C, Kamagaté M. Efficacy of artemisinin-based combinations therapies in real life use in uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria treatment in Côte d’Ivoire. Rev int sc méd Abj 2020; 22(3):169-180.
Saoud MZ, Ezzariga N, Benaissa E, Moustachi A, Lyagoubi M, Aoufi S. Imported malaria: 54 cases diagnosed at the Ibn Sina Hospital Center in Rabat, Morocco. Med Sante Trop. 2019;29(2):159-163.
Milner DA Jr. Malaria Pathogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2018 ; 8(1):a025569.
Lechner M, Chandrasekharan D, Jumani K, Liu J, Gane S, Lund VJ and al. Anosmia as a presenting symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthcare workers–a systematic review of the literature, case series, and recommendations for clinical assessment and management. Rhinology 2020; 58(4): 394-399.
Mahalaxmi I, Kaavya J, Mohana Devi S, Balachandar V. COVID‐19 and olfactory dysfunction: A possible associative approach towards neurodegenerative diseases. Journal of cellular physiology 2021; 236(2): 763-770.
Baj J, Karakuła-Juchnowicz H, Teresiński G, Buszewicz G, Ciesielka M, Sitarz R and al. COVID-19: specific and non-specific clinical manifestations and symptoms: the current state of knowledge. Journal of clinical medicine 2020; 9(6): 1753.
Doutoum AA, Dongous DM, Gondimo EG, Laougangta RD, Adoum A, Garandi B. & Njintang NY. Prévalence et facteurs des risques associés au paludisme chez les patients de l’Hôpital Provincial d’Abéché (Tchad) [Prevalence and factors of risk halting patients in patients in the Abbut Provincial Hospital (Chad)]. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 2019; 13 (4), 1995-2004.
Cisse M, Camara A, Fofana A, Lama E. Parcours du malade pour la recherche des soins contre le paludisme au niveau d’un district sanitaire [Pattern of the patient to seek care against malaria at a health district]. Infectious Diseases Now 2021; 51(5): S109-S110.
Voundi EV, Mintya AN, Fokeng MG, Soppo Lobe CV, Ngo Nyeki AR., Beyala F and al. Mass screening of COVID 19 in a Yaoundé University Community from October to December 2020. Health Sci. Dis: 2021; 22 (12): 49-54.
Igala M, Bivigou EA, Kombila UD, Ngoua SN, Ngomas JF, Mougougou A and al. Co-infection paludisme et COVID-19 chez les patients admis au service d’infectiologie COVID du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Libreville [Co-infection of malaria and COVID-19 in patients admitted to the COVID Infectious Disease Department of the Libreville University Hospital Center]. Pan Afr Med J. 2022 ; 41:101.