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Abstract
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES. Vulvo-vaginal candidiasis (VVC) is an infectious diseases of the vulva or/and the vagina with as causative agent the fungi of genus Candida. It is one of the most frequent causes of vaginitis in pregnant women. The main objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic and mycological profile of vulvo-vaginal candidiasis in pregnant in Yaounde
METHODS. In order to attain our objective, we conducted a prospective study for a period of four months (October 2013 to January 2014) in the Mycology laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of the University of Yaoundé I. All collected samples were systematically cultured after direct examination. Epidemiologic data and results obtained from mycological examination (direct examination, culture and identification) were then analyzed.
RESULTS. 397 pregnant were recruited in this study. The mycological analysis of the 397 samples collected led to the diagnosis of 35.52% of VVC. The average age of the studied women was 28±6.7 years. All the participants with VVC presented at least one associated risk factor. 42 women (29.79%) with VVC had no clinical signs. The identification of isolates indicated that Candida albicans was the most common yeast (122/141; 86.52%), followed by Candida glabrata (12/141; 8.51%).
CONCLUSION. VVC is very common among pregnant women in our context. Candida albicans is most commonly involved followed by Candida glabrata
RÉSUMÉ
OBJECTIFS. La candidose vulvo-vaginale (CVV) est une atteinte infectieuse de la vulve et / ou du vagin dont l’agent causal est une levure du genre Candida. C’est l’une des causes les plus fréquentes de la vaginite chez la femme enceinte. L’objectif de cette étude était de décrire le profil épidémiologique et mycologique de la candidose vulvo-vaginale chez la femme enceinte à Yaoundé.
MÉTHODES. Nous avons mené une étude transversale prospective durant une période de quatre mois (Octobre 2013 à Janvier 2014) au laboratoire de mycologie de la Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Biomédicales de l’université de Yaoundé I. Tous les échantillons prélevés étaient systématiquement mis en culture après l’examen direct. Les données épidémiologiques et les résultats mycologiques (examen direct, culture et identification) des 397 femmes enceintes reçues ont fait l’objet d’analyses.
RÉSULTATS. 397 femmes enceintes ont participé à l’étude. L’examen mycologique des 397 prélèvements effectués a permis de diagnostiquer 35,52% de cas de CVV. La moyenne d’âge de notre population d’étude était de 28±6,7 ans. Toutes les participantes qui avaient la CVV présentaient au moins un facteur associé. Quelques femmes avec la CVV n’avaient aucun signe clinique (42/141 ; 29,79%). À l’identification des souches de levures, l’espèce Candida albicans était la plus fréquente (122/141 ; 86,52%), suivie par l’espèce Candida glabrata (12/141 ; 8,51%).
CONCLUSION. La CVV est une affection très répandue chez la femme enceinte dans notre contexte. L’espèce Candida albicans est la plus fréquentte, suivie par l’espèce Candida glabrata.
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References
- Nouraei S., Amir A.A.S., Jorjani M., Alavi M.H., Afrakhteh M., Ghafoorian A., Tafazzoli H.H. et al. Comparison between Fluconazole with Oral Protexin Combination and Fluconazole in the Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. ISRN Obstet. Gynecol. 2012, 2012.
- Grillot R. Les mycoses humaines: démarche diagnostique. Scientifiques et médicales. Paris, Elvesier, 1996.
- Achtar J.M., Bettina C. F. Candida infections of the genitourinary tract. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2010, 23(2), 253-273.
- Umabala P., Satheeshkumar T., Lakshmi V. Evaluation of FUNGICHROM 1. New yeast identification. Indian J. Med. Microbiol. 2002, 20(3), 160-162.
- Usui R., Ohkuchi A., Matsubara S. Vaginal lactobacilli and preterm birth. J. Perinat Med. 2002, 30(6), 458-466.
- Martinez C., Franceschinli S.A., Patta M.C. Improved treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis with fluconazole plus probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reutteri RC-14. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2009, 48(3), 269 - 274.
- Akbarzadeh M., Bonyadpoure B., Pacshir K., Mohagheghzadeh A. Causes and clinical symptoms of vaginal candidiasis in patients referring to selective clinics of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Arak Univer. Med. Sci. J. 2009;13(3):12-20.
- Foxman B., Barlow R., d’Arcy H et al. Candida vaginitis: self-reported incidence and associated costs. Amer. Sex. Transm. Dis. Assoc. 2000, 27, 230-235.
- Lachowsky M., Winaver D. Aspects psychosomatiques de la consultation en gynécologie. Elsevier Masson SAS. 2007, 213-214.
- Roberts L.C., Kristen R., Kotsiou G., Morris J.M. Treatment of asymptomatic vaginal candidiasis in pregnancy to prevent preterm birth: an open-label pilot randomized controlled trial. BMC pregnancy childbirth. 2011,11(18).
- Vermitsky J.P., Self G.J., Chadwick S.G., Trama JP, Adelson ME, Mordechai E, Gygax S.E. Survey of vaginal flora Candida species isolates from women of different age groups by use of species-specific PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2008, 46, 1501-1503.
- Sellami H., Ayadi A. Etude de la sensibilité des différentes espèces de Candida. Rev. Tun. Infectiol. 2008, 2(2), 1-79.
- Gardner H.L., Kaufman R.H. Benign diseases of the vulva and vagina. J. Midwifery and Women’s Health. 1982, 27 (6), 43-44.
- Okonkwo N.J., Umeanaeto P.U. Prevalence of Vaginal Candidiasis among Pregnant Women in Nnewi Town of Anambra State. African research review. 2010;4 (4):539-548.
- Vroumsia T., Moussa D., Bouba G., Ebang M.D., Ebot A.C., Eneke T., et al. Prevalence of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis amongst pregnant women in Maroua (Cameroon) and the sensitivity of Candida albicans to extracts of six locally used antifungal plants. Int. Res J. Microbiol. 2013, 4(3), 89-97.
- Meda N., Sangaré L., Lankoandé S., Sanou P.T., Compaoré P. I., Catraye J., et al. Pattern of sexually transmitted diseases among pregnant women in Burkina Faso, West Africa: potential for a clinical management based on simple approaches. Genitourin Med. 1997, 73(3), 188-193.
- Chabasse D., Guiguen C., Contet-audonneau. Mycologie médicale. Paris, Masson, 1999.
- Seema M.B., Rajaram M.P., Sunanda A.P., Sneha G.K. Prevalence of non-albican candida infection in Maharashtrian women with leucorrhea. Ann. Trop. Med. Public health. 2012 5(2), 119-123.
- Drouhet E., Dupont B. Les champignons levuriformes d’intérêt médical. Laborama. 1985, 213.
- Willemsen M, Breynaert J, Lauwers S. Comparison of Auxacolor with API 20 C Aux in yeast identification. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 1997, 3( 3).
- Baron E.J., Cassell G.H., Duffy L.B., Eschenbach J.R., Greenwood S.M., Harvey N.E. Laboratory diagnosis of female genital tract infections. Cumulative techniques and procedures in clinical microbiology. Am. Soc. Microbiol. 1993.
- Okungbowa F.I., Isikhuemhen O.S., Dede P.A. The distribution frequency of Candida species in the genitourinary tract among symptomatic individuals in Nigeria cities. Rev. Iberoam Micol. 2003;20:60-3.
References
Nouraei S., Amir A.A.S., Jorjani M., Alavi M.H., Afrakhteh M., Ghafoorian A., Tafazzoli H.H. et al. Comparison between Fluconazole with Oral Protexin Combination and Fluconazole in the Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. ISRN Obstet. Gynecol. 2012, 2012.
Grillot R. Les mycoses humaines: démarche diagnostique. Scientifiques et médicales. Paris, Elvesier, 1996.
Achtar J.M., Bettina C. F. Candida infections of the genitourinary tract. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2010, 23(2), 253-273.
Umabala P., Satheeshkumar T., Lakshmi V. Evaluation of FUNGICHROM 1. New yeast identification. Indian J. Med. Microbiol. 2002, 20(3), 160-162.
Usui R., Ohkuchi A., Matsubara S. Vaginal lactobacilli and preterm birth. J. Perinat Med. 2002, 30(6), 458-466.
Martinez C., Franceschinli S.A., Patta M.C. Improved treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis with fluconazole plus probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reutteri RC-14. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2009, 48(3), 269 - 274.
Akbarzadeh M., Bonyadpoure B., Pacshir K., Mohagheghzadeh A. Causes and clinical symptoms of vaginal candidiasis in patients referring to selective clinics of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Arak Univer. Med. Sci. J. 2009;13(3):12-20.
Foxman B., Barlow R., d’Arcy H et al. Candida vaginitis: self-reported incidence and associated costs. Amer. Sex. Transm. Dis. Assoc. 2000, 27, 230-235.
Lachowsky M., Winaver D. Aspects psychosomatiques de la consultation en gynécologie. Elsevier Masson SAS. 2007, 213-214.
Roberts L.C., Kristen R., Kotsiou G., Morris J.M. Treatment of asymptomatic vaginal candidiasis in pregnancy to prevent preterm birth: an open-label pilot randomized controlled trial. BMC pregnancy childbirth. 2011,11(18).
Vermitsky J.P., Self G.J., Chadwick S.G., Trama JP, Adelson ME, Mordechai E, Gygax S.E. Survey of vaginal flora Candida species isolates from women of different age groups by use of species-specific PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2008, 46, 1501-1503.
Sellami H., Ayadi A. Etude de la sensibilité des différentes espèces de Candida. Rev. Tun. Infectiol. 2008, 2(2), 1-79.
Gardner H.L., Kaufman R.H. Benign diseases of the vulva and vagina. J. Midwifery and Women’s Health. 1982, 27 (6), 43-44.
Okonkwo N.J., Umeanaeto P.U. Prevalence of Vaginal Candidiasis among Pregnant Women in Nnewi Town of Anambra State. African research review. 2010;4 (4):539-548.
Vroumsia T., Moussa D., Bouba G., Ebang M.D., Ebot A.C., Eneke T., et al. Prevalence of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis amongst pregnant women in Maroua (Cameroon) and the sensitivity of Candida albicans to extracts of six locally used antifungal plants. Int. Res J. Microbiol. 2013, 4(3), 89-97.
Meda N., Sangaré L., Lankoandé S., Sanou P.T., Compaoré P. I., Catraye J., et al. Pattern of sexually transmitted diseases among pregnant women in Burkina Faso, West Africa: potential for a clinical management based on simple approaches. Genitourin Med. 1997, 73(3), 188-193.
Chabasse D., Guiguen C., Contet-audonneau. Mycologie médicale. Paris, Masson, 1999.
Seema M.B., Rajaram M.P., Sunanda A.P., Sneha G.K. Prevalence of non-albican candida infection in Maharashtrian women with leucorrhea. Ann. Trop. Med. Public health. 2012 5(2), 119-123.
Drouhet E., Dupont B. Les champignons levuriformes d’intérêt médical. Laborama. 1985, 213.
Willemsen M, Breynaert J, Lauwers S. Comparison of Auxacolor with API 20 C Aux in yeast identification. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 1997, 3( 3).
Baron E.J., Cassell G.H., Duffy L.B., Eschenbach J.R., Greenwood S.M., Harvey N.E. Laboratory diagnosis of female genital tract infections. Cumulative techniques and procedures in clinical microbiology. Am. Soc. Microbiol. 1993.
Okungbowa F.I., Isikhuemhen O.S., Dede P.A. The distribution frequency of Candida species in the genitourinary tract among symptomatic individuals in Nigeria cities. Rev. Iberoam Micol. 2003;20:60-3.