Main Article Content
Abstract
RÉSUMÉ
Introduction. L’objectif de notre étude était de déterminer la prévalence de la protéinurie et ses facteurs associés chez les enfants infectés par le VIH. Méthodes. Une étude transversale a été conduite de janvier à juin 2016 à l’Hôpital Laquintinie de Douala (HLD) chez les enfants et adolescents âgés de 2 à 19 ans VIH positifs sous traitement antirétroviral (TARV). La protéinurie a été systématiquement recherchée dans les urines des patients à l’aide de la bandelette réactive Combi screen 11, et une mesure quantitative de la créatinémie a été faite lorsque la protéinurie était positive. Les données ont été analysées à l’aide du logiciel Starview version 5.0. et le seuil de significativité était < 0,05. Résultats. Au total 300 enfants et adolescents VIH positifs ont été recrutés ; leur âge médian était de 11 (IQ25-75%: 8-15) ans et le sex-ratio de 1,3/1. La prévalence de la protéinurie chez les enfants/adolescents infectés par le VIH sous TARV était de 5% (15/300) et 86,66% (13/15) des enfants avec protéinurie présentaient une insuffisance rénale légère à modérée avec une estimation du débit de filtration glomérulaire (eDFG) (30 à <90 ml/min/1,73 m2). La durée moyenne d’exposition sous TARV des patients était de 78±41 mois et 53,33% des enfants étaient sous une trithérapie à base de Tenofovir en moyenne depuis 78 + 39 mois. La présence de la leucocyturie était associée à la présence de la protéinurie de façon significative (OR= 4,33 IC 95% (1,46 – 12,86), p=0,008). Conclusion. La protéinurie est peu fréquente, ce qui conforte le rôle de la néphroprotection induite par le TARV. Nos résultats suggèrent l’importance de l’initiation précoce au TARV pour réduire la fréquence de la protéinurie et le risque d’atteinte rénale.
ABSTRACT
Introduction. The objective of our study was to determine the prevalence of proteinuria and its associated factors in HIV-infected children. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2016 at Douala Laquintinie Hospital (HLD) in HIV-positive children and adolescents aged 2-19 years on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Proteinuria was routinely investigated in the urine of patients using the Combi screen 11 test strip, and a quantitative measure of serum creatinemia was made when proteinuria was positive. The data was analyzed using Starview version 5.0 software. and the threshold of significance was <0.05. Results. A total of 300 HIV positive children and adolescents were recruited, the median age was 11 (IQ25-75%: 8-15 years) and the sex ratio was 1.3/1. The prevalence of proteinuria in HIV-infected children / adolescents on ART was 5% (15/300) and 86.66% (13/15) of children with proteinuria had mild to moderate renal impairment with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eDFG) (30 to <90 ml/min /1.73 m2). The mean duration of ART exposure for patients was 78 ± 41 months and 53.33% of children were on triple therapy with Tenofovir on average for 78 + 39 months. The presence of leukocyturia was associated with the presence of proteinuria significantly (OR = 4.33 95% CI (1.46-12.86), p = 0.008). Conclusion. Proteinuria was uncommon in our study, reinforcing the role of ART-induced nephroprotection. Our results suggest the importance of early initiation of ART to reduce the frequency of proteinuria and the risk of kidney disease.
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References
- ONUSIDA. Statistiques mondiales. 2016. Available at http://www.unaids.org/fr/resources/factsheet.
- Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). 2015 Progress report on the global plan towards the elimination of new HIV infections among children and keeping their mothers alive. 2015. Available at http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/JC2774_2015ProgressReport_GlobalPlan_en.pdf.
- United nations against AIDS ( UNAIDS). On the fast-track to an AIDS free generation. The incredible journey of the global plan towards the elimination of new HIV infections among children by 2015 and their mothers alive 2016. Available from http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/GlobalPlan2016_en.pdf consulté
- Comité national de lutte contre le SIDA , ONUSIDA. Estimations et projections sur le VIH et le SIDA au Cameroun: période 2010-2020. Yaoundé ; Ministère de la Santé publique du Cameroun ; 2015. 59 p.
- Tourret J, Tostivint I, Deray G. Néphropathies rencontrées au cours de l’infection par le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine (VIH). Nephrol Ther. 2009; 5: 576-91.
- Rao T, Filippone E, Nicastri A. Associated focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1984; 300: 669-73.
- Han TM, Naicker S, Ramdial PK, Assounga AG. A cross-sectional study of HIV-seropositive patients with varying degrees of proteinuria in South Africa. Kidney Int. 2006; 69(12): 2243-50.
- Giacomet V, Erba P, Di Nello F, Coletto S, Vigano A, Gianvincenzo Z. Proteinuria in paediatric patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. World J Clin Cases. 2013; 1(1): 13-8.
- Ray PE, Xu L, Rakusan T, Liu X-H. A 20-year history of childhood HIV-associated nephropathy. Pediatr Nephrol Berl Ger. 2004; 19 (10): 1075-92.
- Mfutu EP, Mangani NN, Ntetani AM, Ehungu JL, Makulo JR, Bompeka LF et al. Prévalence de la proteinurie et son association avec le VIH/SIDA chez l’enfant à Kinshasa, Congo. Nephrol Ther. 2012; 8: 163-7.
- Esezobor C, Iroha E, Onifade E, Akinsulie A, Temiye E, Ezeaka C et al. Prevalence of proteinuria among HIV-infected children attending a tertiary hospital in Lagos, Nigeria. J Trop Pediatr. 2010; 56(3): 187-90.
- Coulibaly G, Kouéta F, Ouédraogo, Dao L, Lengani A, Yé D. Prévalence de la proteinurie chez les enfants suivis pour infection à VIH au centre hospitalier universitaire pédiatrique Charles-de-Gaulle (CHUP-CDG) de Ouagadougou. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2013; 106: 13-7.
- Ministère de la Santé Publique du Cameroun. Guide pour la prise en Charge des enfants exposés et infectés par le VIH/SIDA au Cameroun. Yaoundé ; 2014. 187 p.
- Ministere de la santé publique. Directives nationales de prevention et de prise en charge du VIH au Cameroun. Janvier 2015. p 67-80.
- Judd A, Boyd KL, Stöhr W, Dunn D, Butler K, Lyall H. Effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on risk of renal abnormality in HIV-1-infected children on antiretroviral therapy: a nested case-control study. AIDS Lond Engl. 2010; 24(4): 525-34.
- Pontrelli G, Cotugno N, Amodio D, Zangari P, Tchidjou H, Baldasseri S. Renal function in HIV infected and adolescents treated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and protease inhibitors. BMC Infect Dis. 2012; 12: 18.
- Fernandez-Fernandez B, Montoya-Ferrer A, Sanz AB, Sanchez-Niño MD, Izquierdo MC, Poveda J. Tenofovir nephrotoxicity: 2011 update. AIDS Res Treat. 2011; 2011: 11p.
- Hogg RJ, Portman RJ, Milliner D, Lemley KV, Eddy A, Ingelfinger J. Evaluation and management of proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome in children: recommendations from a pediatric nephrology panel established at the National Kidney Foundation conference on proteinuria, albuminuria, risk, assessment, detection, and elimination (PARADE). Pediatrics. 2000;105(6):1242-9.
- National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents.Pediatrics. 2004;114(2 Suppl 4th Report):555-76.
- Dondo V, Mujuru HA, Nathoo KJ, et al. Renal abnormalities among HIV-infected, antiretroviral naive children, Harare, Zimbabwe: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr. 2013;13:75.
- Gupta SK, Eustace JA, Winston JA, Boydstun II, Ahuja TS, Rodriguez RA, et al. Guidelines for the management of chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected patients: recommendations of the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(11):1559-85.
- Chaparro AI, Mitchell CD, Abitbol CL, Wilkinson JD, Baldarrago G, Lopez E, Zilleruelo G. Proteinuria in children infected with the human immunodeficiencyvirus. J Pediatr. 2008;152(6):844-9.
- Bhimma R, Purswani M, Kala U. Kidney disease in children and adolescents with perinatal HIV-1 infection. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013;16: 185-96
- Wearne N, Swanepoel CR, Boulle A, et al. The spectrum of renal histologies seen in HIV with outcomes, prognostic indicators and clinical correlations. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27:4109–4118
- Jindal AK, Tiewsoh K, Pilania RK. A review of renal disease in children with HIV infection. Infect Dis (Lond). 2018;50(1):1-12.
- Vigano A, Zuccoti G, Martelli L, Giacomet V, Cafarelli L, Borgonovo S. Renal safety of tenofovir in HIV infected children: a prospective, 96 week longitudinal study. Clin Drug Investig. 2007; 27: 573-81.
- Vigano A, Bedogni G, Mandrefini V, Giacomet V, Cerini C, di Nello F. Long-term renal safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in vertically HIV infected children, adolescents and young adults: a 60 month follow-up study. Clin Drug Investig. 2011; 31: 407-15.
- Cao Y, Han Y, Xie J, Cui Q, Zhang L, Li Y, Li Y, Song X, Zhu T, Li T. Impact of a tenofovir disoproxil fumarate plus ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor-based regimen on renal function in HIV-infected individuals: a prospective, multicenter study. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:301.
- Soler-Palacín P, Melendo S, Noguera-Julian A, Fortuny C, Navarro ML, Mellado MJ, Garcia L, Uriona S, Martín-Nalda A, Figueras C. Prospective study of renal function in HIV-infected pediatric patients receiving tenofovir-containing HAART regimens. AIDS. 2011;25(2):171-6.
References
ONUSIDA. Statistiques mondiales. 2016. Available at http://www.unaids.org/fr/resources/factsheet.
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). 2015 Progress report on the global plan towards the elimination of new HIV infections among children and keeping their mothers alive. 2015. Available at http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/JC2774_2015ProgressReport_GlobalPlan_en.pdf.
United nations against AIDS ( UNAIDS). On the fast-track to an AIDS free generation. The incredible journey of the global plan towards the elimination of new HIV infections among children by 2015 and their mothers alive 2016. Available from http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/GlobalPlan2016_en.pdf consulté
Comité national de lutte contre le SIDA , ONUSIDA. Estimations et projections sur le VIH et le SIDA au Cameroun: période 2010-2020. Yaoundé ; Ministère de la Santé publique du Cameroun ; 2015. 59 p.
Tourret J, Tostivint I, Deray G. Néphropathies rencontrées au cours de l’infection par le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine (VIH). Nephrol Ther. 2009; 5: 576-91.
Rao T, Filippone E, Nicastri A. Associated focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1984; 300: 669-73.
Han TM, Naicker S, Ramdial PK, Assounga AG. A cross-sectional study of HIV-seropositive patients with varying degrees of proteinuria in South Africa. Kidney Int. 2006; 69(12): 2243-50.
Giacomet V, Erba P, Di Nello F, Coletto S, Vigano A, Gianvincenzo Z. Proteinuria in paediatric patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. World J Clin Cases. 2013; 1(1): 13-8.
Ray PE, Xu L, Rakusan T, Liu X-H. A 20-year history of childhood HIV-associated nephropathy. Pediatr Nephrol Berl Ger. 2004; 19 (10): 1075-92.
Mfutu EP, Mangani NN, Ntetani AM, Ehungu JL, Makulo JR, Bompeka LF et al. Prévalence de la proteinurie et son association avec le VIH/SIDA chez l’enfant à Kinshasa, Congo. Nephrol Ther. 2012; 8: 163-7.
Esezobor C, Iroha E, Onifade E, Akinsulie A, Temiye E, Ezeaka C et al. Prevalence of proteinuria among HIV-infected children attending a tertiary hospital in Lagos, Nigeria. J Trop Pediatr. 2010; 56(3): 187-90.
Coulibaly G, Kouéta F, Ouédraogo, Dao L, Lengani A, Yé D. Prévalence de la proteinurie chez les enfants suivis pour infection à VIH au centre hospitalier universitaire pédiatrique Charles-de-Gaulle (CHUP-CDG) de Ouagadougou. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2013; 106: 13-7.
Ministère de la Santé Publique du Cameroun. Guide pour la prise en Charge des enfants exposés et infectés par le VIH/SIDA au Cameroun. Yaoundé ; 2014. 187 p.
Ministere de la santé publique. Directives nationales de prevention et de prise en charge du VIH au Cameroun. Janvier 2015. p 67-80.
Judd A, Boyd KL, Stöhr W, Dunn D, Butler K, Lyall H. Effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on risk of renal abnormality in HIV-1-infected children on antiretroviral therapy: a nested case-control study. AIDS Lond Engl. 2010; 24(4): 525-34.
Pontrelli G, Cotugno N, Amodio D, Zangari P, Tchidjou H, Baldasseri S. Renal function in HIV infected and adolescents treated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and protease inhibitors. BMC Infect Dis. 2012; 12: 18.
Fernandez-Fernandez B, Montoya-Ferrer A, Sanz AB, Sanchez-Niño MD, Izquierdo MC, Poveda J. Tenofovir nephrotoxicity: 2011 update. AIDS Res Treat. 2011; 2011: 11p.
Hogg RJ, Portman RJ, Milliner D, Lemley KV, Eddy A, Ingelfinger J. Evaluation and management of proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome in children: recommendations from a pediatric nephrology panel established at the National Kidney Foundation conference on proteinuria, albuminuria, risk, assessment, detection, and elimination (PARADE). Pediatrics. 2000;105(6):1242-9.
National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents.Pediatrics. 2004;114(2 Suppl 4th Report):555-76.
Dondo V, Mujuru HA, Nathoo KJ, et al. Renal abnormalities among HIV-infected, antiretroviral naive children, Harare, Zimbabwe: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr. 2013;13:75.
Gupta SK, Eustace JA, Winston JA, Boydstun II, Ahuja TS, Rodriguez RA, et al. Guidelines for the management of chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected patients: recommendations of the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(11):1559-85.
Chaparro AI, Mitchell CD, Abitbol CL, Wilkinson JD, Baldarrago G, Lopez E, Zilleruelo G. Proteinuria in children infected with the human immunodeficiencyvirus. J Pediatr. 2008;152(6):844-9.
Bhimma R, Purswani M, Kala U. Kidney disease in children and adolescents with perinatal HIV-1 infection. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013;16: 185-96
Wearne N, Swanepoel CR, Boulle A, et al. The spectrum of renal histologies seen in HIV with outcomes, prognostic indicators and clinical correlations. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27:4109–4118
Jindal AK, Tiewsoh K, Pilania RK. A review of renal disease in children with HIV infection. Infect Dis (Lond). 2018;50(1):1-12.
Vigano A, Zuccoti G, Martelli L, Giacomet V, Cafarelli L, Borgonovo S. Renal safety of tenofovir in HIV infected children: a prospective, 96 week longitudinal study. Clin Drug Investig. 2007; 27: 573-81.
Vigano A, Bedogni G, Mandrefini V, Giacomet V, Cerini C, di Nello F. Long-term renal safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in vertically HIV infected children, adolescents and young adults: a 60 month follow-up study. Clin Drug Investig. 2011; 31: 407-15.
Cao Y, Han Y, Xie J, Cui Q, Zhang L, Li Y, Li Y, Song X, Zhu T, Li T. Impact of a tenofovir disoproxil fumarate plus ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor-based regimen on renal function in HIV-infected individuals: a prospective, multicenter study. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:301.
Soler-Palacín P, Melendo S, Noguera-Julian A, Fortuny C, Navarro ML, Mellado MJ, Garcia L, Uriona S, Martín-Nalda A, Figueras C. Prospective study of renal function in HIV-infected pediatric patients receiving tenofovir-containing HAART regimens. AIDS. 2011;25(2):171-6.