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Introduction. Les malformations congénitales contribuent pour une part importante à la morbidité et à la mortalité néonatales. Elles constituent un problème de santé émergent de l’enfant dans les pays en développement. Cette étude avait pour but décrire les malformations observées dans un hôpital de référence au Burkina Faso. Matériels et méthodes. Etude rétrospective descriptive sur dossiers des nouveau-nés hospitalisés entre 2010 et 2013 dans l’unité de néonatologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle de Ouagadougou au Burkina Faso. Résultats. Sur les quatre années étudiées, 1455 nouveau-nés étaient hospitalisés dont 134 (9,2 %) avaient au moins une malformation. On dénombrait 214 malformations au total, soit un nombre moyen de 1,6 malformation par nouveau-né. Celui-ci était né d’une mère âgée de 26,8 ± 6,8 ans en moyenne. Il était de sexe masculin, né à 39 ± 3 semaines avec un poids moyen de naissance de 2710 ± 590 g [1250-3990 g]. Les malformations concernaient surtout l’appareil circulatoire (37,8 %), le système ostéoarticulaire et des muscles (21,0 %) et le système nerveux (11,2 %). Le taux de létalité était 13,9 %. Conclusion. Les malformations qui sont fréquentes dans notre hôpital concernent essentiellement l'appareil circulatoire, le système ostéoarticulaire et les muscles ainsi que le système nerveux et elles sont responsables d’une forte létalité. Pour une meilleure compréhension de ces malformations, les auteurs recommandent l’examen systématique du nouveau-né à la naissance et la mise en place d’un registre des malformations.
ABSTRACT
Background. Congenital malformations contribute significantly to neonatal morbidity and mortality. They are gradually emerging as child health problem in developing countries. This study aimed at describing the malformations observed in a reference hospital in Burkina Faso. Methods. A descriptive retrospective study of records of newborns hospitalized from 2010 to 2013 for malformation was conducted in the neonatal unit of Charles de Gaulle Pediatric University Hospital of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Results. During the four years studied, 1455 newborns were hospitalized including 134 (9.2%) who had at least one defect. A total of 214 defects were numbered, giving an average of 1.6 defects/proband. The malformed newborn was born to a mother aged 26.8 ± 6.8 years, G3 ± 2 pregnancies, and who attended 3 ± 1 antenatal care on average. He was male, born at 39 ± 3 weeks, delivered vaginally with an average birth weight of 2710 ± 590 g [1250-3990 g]. The defects involved mainly the circulatory system (37.8%), the musculoskeletal and muscles system (21.0%) and the nervous system (11.2%). The eye, ear, face and neck (8.0%), digestive system (6.1%), genital organs (4.7%), cleft lip and palate (4.7%), urinary system (3.3%) and respiratory system (2.8%) were less affected. The case fatality rate was 13.9%. Conclusion. The malformations are frequent in our hospital, mainly concern the circulatory system, the musculoskeletal and muscles and the nervous systems. They are responsible for a high mortality. For a better understanding of these defects, the authors recommend the systematic examination of the newborn at birth and the establishment of a register of malformations.
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References
- WHO, March Of Dimes. Management of birth defects and haemoglobin disorders. Report of a joint WHO–March of Dimes meeting. WHO; 2006.
- Stevenson RE, editor. Human malformations and related anomalies. 2nd ed. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press; 2006. 1495 p. (Oxford monographs on medical genetics).
- Kouéta F, Yé D, Dao L, Néboua D, Sawadogo A. Morbidité et mortalité néonatales de 2002 à 2006 au Centre hospitalier universitaire pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle de Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). Cahiers Santé. 2007;17(4):187–91.
- Traoré A. Audit médical des décès néonatals à l’Unité de Néonatologie du service de Pédiatrie au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo [Thèse doctorat en médecine]. [Ouagadougou]: Université de Ouagadougou; 2013.
- WHO. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision. Version 2015.htm [Internet]. [cited 2016 Jul 15]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2015/en#/
- OIT. Classification Internationale Type de Professions-88 (OIT).htm [Internet]. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/public/french/bureau/stat/isco/
- Burkina Faso, Ministère de l’économie et des finances. Recensement général de la population et de l’habitat de 2006.pdf. Ministère de l’économie et des Finances; 2008.
- Bianchi F, Cianciulli D, Pierini A, Costantini AS. Congenital malformations and maternal occupation: a registry based case-control study. Occup Environ Med 1997;54(4):223–8.
- Obu HA, Chinawa JM, Uleanya ND, Adimora GN, Ikechukwu EO. Congenital malformations among newborns admitted in the neonatal unit of a tertiary hospital in Enugu, South-East Nigeria - a retrospective study. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5:177.
- Fida NM, Al-Aama J, Nichols W, Alqahtani M. A prospective study of congenital malformations among live born neonates at a University Hospital in Western Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2007;28(9):1367–73.
- Ali A, Zahad S, Masoumeh A, Azar A. Congenital malformations among live births at Arvand Hospital, Ahwaz, Iran-A prospective study. Pak J Med Sci 2008;24 (1):33.
- Singh A, Gupta RK. Pattern of congenital anomalies in newborn: a hospital based prospective study. JK Sci. 2009;11(1):34–6.
- Masood SN, Jamil N, Mumtaz SN, Masood MF, Muneer S. Congenital malformations in newborns of consanguineous and non-consanguineous parents. Pak J Med Sci. 2011; 27(1):1–5.
- Tayebi N, Yazdani K, Naghshin N. The prevalence of congenital malformations and its correlation with consanguineous marriages. Oman Med J. 2010;25(1):37–40.
- Sarkar S, Patra C, Dasgupta MK, Nayek K, Karmakar PR. Prevalence of congenital anomalies in neonates and associated risk factors in a tertiary care hospital in eastern India. J Clin Neonatol. 2013;2(3):131-4.
- El Koumi MA, Al Banna EA, Lebda I. Pattern of congenital anomalies in newborn: a hospital-based study. Pediatr Rep. 2013;5(1):e5.
- Ndibazza J, Lule S, Nampijja M, Mpairwe H, Oduru G, Kiggundu M, et al. A description of congenital anomalies among infants in Entebbe, Uganda. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2011;91(9):857–61.
- Tennant P, Raza F, Bythell M, Rankin J. Maternal age and the risk of structural congenital anomalies. Arch Dis Child - Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2010;95(Supplement 1):Fa4–Fa4.
- Parmar A, Rathod SP, Patel SV, Patel SM. A study of congenital anomalies in newborn. Natl J Integr Res Med. 2010;1(1):13–7.
- Ambe J, Madziga A, Akpede G, Mava Y. Pattern and outcome of congenital malformations in newborn babies in a Nigerian teaching hospital. West Afr J Med. 2010; 29(1):24–9.
- Bakare T, Sowande O, Adejuyigbe O, Chinda J. Epidemiology of external birth defects in neonates in South western Nigeria. Afr J Paediatr Surg. 2009;6(1):28–30.
- Malla BK. One year review study of congenital anatomical malformation at birth in Maternity Hospital (Prasutigriha), Thapathali, Kathmandu. Kathmandu Univ Med J. 2007; 5(4):557–60.
- Shamim S, Chohan N, Sobia Q. Pattern of congenital malformations and their neonatal outcome. J Surg Pak. 2010;15(1):34–7.
- Rafi M, Iqbal Z, Saleem M. Pattern of congenital malformations and their neonatal outcome at Sheik Zayed Medical college/Hospital Rahim Yar khan. Pak J Med Health Sci. 2011;5:94–6.
- Jain S, Naik J, Dhakne B, Prabhu P, Kamble S, Mathurkar M. Pattern of congenital malformations in newborn: a hospital-based study. Int J Res Med Sci. 2016;4(2):524–8.
- Malhotra P, Thapar K. Pattern of major congenital anomalies and their outcome. Int J Med Dent Sci. 2015;4(1):577–81.
- Karbasi SA, Golestan M, Fallah R, Mirnaseri F, Barkhordari K, Bafghee MS, et al. Prevalence of congenital malformations. Acta Med Iran. 2009;47(2):149–53.
- Shah K, Pensi CA. Study of incidence of congenital anomalies in newborns. Gujarat Med J. 2013;68(2):97–9.
- Abdi-Rad I, Khoshkalam M. The prevalence at birth of overt congenital anomalies in Urmia, Northwestern Iran. Arch Iran Med. 2008;11(2):148–51.
- Hay S. Sex differences in the incidence of certain congenital malformations: A review of the literature and some new data. Teratol. 1971;4(3):277–86.
- Lary JM, Paulozzi LJ. Sex differences in the prevalence of human birth defects: A population-based study. Teratol. 2001; 64(5):237–51.
- Lisi A, Botto LD, Rittler M, Castilla E, Bianchi F, Botting B, et al. Sex and congenital malformations: an international perspective. Am J Med Genet A. 2005;134(1):49–57.
- Azoumah K, Balaka B, Aboubakari A, Matey K, Yolou A, Agbèrè A-R. Morbidité et mortalité néonatales au CHU Kara (Togo). Med Afr Noire. 2010;57(2):109–12.
- Sylla M, Folquet-Amorissani M, Oumar A, Dick-Amon Tanoh F, Sidibé M, Moyo L, et al. Morbidité et mortalité néonatales dans le service de réanimation pédiatrique de l’hôpital Gabriel Touré. Louvain Med. 2009;128(4):141–4.
- Ahuka O, Toko R, Omanga F, Tshimpanga B. Congenital malformations in the Northern-Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo during civil war. East Afr Med J. 2006;83(2):95–9.
- Nyakio O, Busingisi B, Imani P, Boengandi, Mwambali S, Cikwanine J, et al. Motifs et pronostic des nouveau-nés transférés en néonatologie : service de gynéco-obstétrique de L’Hôpital Général de Référence de Panzi. Rev Med Gd Lacs. 2016;5(1):65–75.
- Lubala TK, Songo MY, Munkana AN, Mutombo AM, Mbuy SM, wa Momat FK. Malformations congénitales à Lubumbashi (République Démocratique du Congo). Pan Afr Med J. 2012;13:84.
- Kishimba RS, Mpembeni R, Mghamba JM, Goodman D, Valencia D. Birth prevalence of selected external structural birth defects at four hospitals in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 2011–2012. J Glob Health. 2015;5(2):6.
- Golalipour MJ, Ahmadpour Kacho M, Vakili MA. Congenital malformations at a referral hospital in Gorgan, Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 2005;11(4):707-15
- Queißer-Luft A, Spranger J. Congenital malformations. Dtsch Arztebl. 2006; 103(38):A2464–71.
- Doray B. Epidémiologie, clinique, génétique et prévention des malformations congénitales. Registre des malformations congénitales d’Alsace 1995-2009. [Thèse doctorat en médecine]. [Strasbourg]: Université de Strasbourg; 2013.
- Wyszynski DF, Sárközi A, Czeizel AE. Oral clefts with associated anomalies: methodological issues. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2006;43(1):1–6.
- Ekanem TB, Okon DE, Akpantah AO, Mesembe OE, Eluwa MA, Ekong MB. Prevalence of congenital malformations in Cross River and Akwa Ibom states of Nigeria from 1980-2003. Congenit Anom. 2008;48(4):167–70.
- Christianson RE, van den Berg BJ, Milkovich L, Oechsli FW. Incidence of congenital anomalies among white and black live births with long-term follow-up. Am J Public Health. 1981;71(12):1333–41.
- Anthony S, Kateman H, Brand R, Den Ouden AL, Dorrepaal CA, Der Pal-de Bruin V, et al. Ethnic differences in congenital malformations in the Netherlands: analyses of a 5-year birth cohort. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2005;19(2):135–44.
- Canfield MA, Honein MA, Yuskiv N, Xing J, Mai CT, Collins JS, et al. National estimates and race/ethnic-specific variation of selected birth defects in the United States, 1999–2001. Birt Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2006;76(11):747–56.
- Egbe AC. Birth Defects in the Newborn Population: race and ethnicity. Pediatr Neonatol. 2015;56(3):183–8.
- Kushki AM, Zeyghami B. The effect of consanguineous marriages on congenital malformation. J Res Med Sci. 2005;10(5):298–301.
- Singh K, Krishnamurthy K, Greaves C, Kandamaran L, Nielsen AL, Kumar A. Major Congenital Malformations in Barbados: the prevalence, the pattern, and the resulting morbidity and mortality. ISRN Obstet Gynecol. 2014;2014:1–8.
References
WHO, March Of Dimes. Management of birth defects and haemoglobin disorders. Report of a joint WHO–March of Dimes meeting. WHO; 2006.
Stevenson RE, editor. Human malformations and related anomalies. 2nd ed. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press; 2006. 1495 p. (Oxford monographs on medical genetics).
Kouéta F, Yé D, Dao L, Néboua D, Sawadogo A. Morbidité et mortalité néonatales de 2002 à 2006 au Centre hospitalier universitaire pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle de Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). Cahiers Santé. 2007;17(4):187–91.
Traoré A. Audit médical des décès néonatals à l’Unité de Néonatologie du service de Pédiatrie au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo [Thèse doctorat en médecine]. [Ouagadougou]: Université de Ouagadougou; 2013.
WHO. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision. Version 2015.htm [Internet]. [cited 2016 Jul 15]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2015/en#/
OIT. Classification Internationale Type de Professions-88 (OIT).htm [Internet]. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/public/french/bureau/stat/isco/
Burkina Faso, Ministère de l’économie et des finances. Recensement général de la population et de l’habitat de 2006.pdf. Ministère de l’économie et des Finances; 2008.
Bianchi F, Cianciulli D, Pierini A, Costantini AS. Congenital malformations and maternal occupation: a registry based case-control study. Occup Environ Med 1997;54(4):223–8.
Obu HA, Chinawa JM, Uleanya ND, Adimora GN, Ikechukwu EO. Congenital malformations among newborns admitted in the neonatal unit of a tertiary hospital in Enugu, South-East Nigeria - a retrospective study. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5:177.
Fida NM, Al-Aama J, Nichols W, Alqahtani M. A prospective study of congenital malformations among live born neonates at a University Hospital in Western Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2007;28(9):1367–73.
Ali A, Zahad S, Masoumeh A, Azar A. Congenital malformations among live births at Arvand Hospital, Ahwaz, Iran-A prospective study. Pak J Med Sci 2008;24 (1):33.
Singh A, Gupta RK. Pattern of congenital anomalies in newborn: a hospital based prospective study. JK Sci. 2009;11(1):34–6.
Masood SN, Jamil N, Mumtaz SN, Masood MF, Muneer S. Congenital malformations in newborns of consanguineous and non-consanguineous parents. Pak J Med Sci. 2011; 27(1):1–5.
Tayebi N, Yazdani K, Naghshin N. The prevalence of congenital malformations and its correlation with consanguineous marriages. Oman Med J. 2010;25(1):37–40.
Sarkar S, Patra C, Dasgupta MK, Nayek K, Karmakar PR. Prevalence of congenital anomalies in neonates and associated risk factors in a tertiary care hospital in eastern India. J Clin Neonatol. 2013;2(3):131-4.
El Koumi MA, Al Banna EA, Lebda I. Pattern of congenital anomalies in newborn: a hospital-based study. Pediatr Rep. 2013;5(1):e5.
Ndibazza J, Lule S, Nampijja M, Mpairwe H, Oduru G, Kiggundu M, et al. A description of congenital anomalies among infants in Entebbe, Uganda. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2011;91(9):857–61.
Tennant P, Raza F, Bythell M, Rankin J. Maternal age and the risk of structural congenital anomalies. Arch Dis Child - Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2010;95(Supplement 1):Fa4–Fa4.
Parmar A, Rathod SP, Patel SV, Patel SM. A study of congenital anomalies in newborn. Natl J Integr Res Med. 2010;1(1):13–7.
Ambe J, Madziga A, Akpede G, Mava Y. Pattern and outcome of congenital malformations in newborn babies in a Nigerian teaching hospital. West Afr J Med. 2010; 29(1):24–9.
Bakare T, Sowande O, Adejuyigbe O, Chinda J. Epidemiology of external birth defects in neonates in South western Nigeria. Afr J Paediatr Surg. 2009;6(1):28–30.
Malla BK. One year review study of congenital anatomical malformation at birth in Maternity Hospital (Prasutigriha), Thapathali, Kathmandu. Kathmandu Univ Med J. 2007; 5(4):557–60.
Shamim S, Chohan N, Sobia Q. Pattern of congenital malformations and their neonatal outcome. J Surg Pak. 2010;15(1):34–7.
Rafi M, Iqbal Z, Saleem M. Pattern of congenital malformations and their neonatal outcome at Sheik Zayed Medical college/Hospital Rahim Yar khan. Pak J Med Health Sci. 2011;5:94–6.
Jain S, Naik J, Dhakne B, Prabhu P, Kamble S, Mathurkar M. Pattern of congenital malformations in newborn: a hospital-based study. Int J Res Med Sci. 2016;4(2):524–8.
Malhotra P, Thapar K. Pattern of major congenital anomalies and their outcome. Int J Med Dent Sci. 2015;4(1):577–81.
Karbasi SA, Golestan M, Fallah R, Mirnaseri F, Barkhordari K, Bafghee MS, et al. Prevalence of congenital malformations. Acta Med Iran. 2009;47(2):149–53.
Shah K, Pensi CA. Study of incidence of congenital anomalies in newborns. Gujarat Med J. 2013;68(2):97–9.
Abdi-Rad I, Khoshkalam M. The prevalence at birth of overt congenital anomalies in Urmia, Northwestern Iran. Arch Iran Med. 2008;11(2):148–51.
Hay S. Sex differences in the incidence of certain congenital malformations: A review of the literature and some new data. Teratol. 1971;4(3):277–86.
Lary JM, Paulozzi LJ. Sex differences in the prevalence of human birth defects: A population-based study. Teratol. 2001; 64(5):237–51.
Lisi A, Botto LD, Rittler M, Castilla E, Bianchi F, Botting B, et al. Sex and congenital malformations: an international perspective. Am J Med Genet A. 2005;134(1):49–57.
Azoumah K, Balaka B, Aboubakari A, Matey K, Yolou A, Agbèrè A-R. Morbidité et mortalité néonatales au CHU Kara (Togo). Med Afr Noire. 2010;57(2):109–12.
Sylla M, Folquet-Amorissani M, Oumar A, Dick-Amon Tanoh F, Sidibé M, Moyo L, et al. Morbidité et mortalité néonatales dans le service de réanimation pédiatrique de l’hôpital Gabriel Touré. Louvain Med. 2009;128(4):141–4.
Ahuka O, Toko R, Omanga F, Tshimpanga B. Congenital malformations in the Northern-Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo during civil war. East Afr Med J. 2006;83(2):95–9.
Nyakio O, Busingisi B, Imani P, Boengandi, Mwambali S, Cikwanine J, et al. Motifs et pronostic des nouveau-nés transférés en néonatologie : service de gynéco-obstétrique de L’Hôpital Général de Référence de Panzi. Rev Med Gd Lacs. 2016;5(1):65–75.
Lubala TK, Songo MY, Munkana AN, Mutombo AM, Mbuy SM, wa Momat FK. Malformations congénitales à Lubumbashi (République Démocratique du Congo). Pan Afr Med J. 2012;13:84.
Kishimba RS, Mpembeni R, Mghamba JM, Goodman D, Valencia D. Birth prevalence of selected external structural birth defects at four hospitals in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 2011–2012. J Glob Health. 2015;5(2):6.
Golalipour MJ, Ahmadpour Kacho M, Vakili MA. Congenital malformations at a referral hospital in Gorgan, Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 2005;11(4):707-15
Queißer-Luft A, Spranger J. Congenital malformations. Dtsch Arztebl. 2006; 103(38):A2464–71.
Doray B. Epidémiologie, clinique, génétique et prévention des malformations congénitales. Registre des malformations congénitales d’Alsace 1995-2009. [Thèse doctorat en médecine]. [Strasbourg]: Université de Strasbourg; 2013.
Wyszynski DF, Sárközi A, Czeizel AE. Oral clefts with associated anomalies: methodological issues. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2006;43(1):1–6.
Ekanem TB, Okon DE, Akpantah AO, Mesembe OE, Eluwa MA, Ekong MB. Prevalence of congenital malformations in Cross River and Akwa Ibom states of Nigeria from 1980-2003. Congenit Anom. 2008;48(4):167–70.
Christianson RE, van den Berg BJ, Milkovich L, Oechsli FW. Incidence of congenital anomalies among white and black live births with long-term follow-up. Am J Public Health. 1981;71(12):1333–41.
Anthony S, Kateman H, Brand R, Den Ouden AL, Dorrepaal CA, Der Pal-de Bruin V, et al. Ethnic differences in congenital malformations in the Netherlands: analyses of a 5-year birth cohort. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2005;19(2):135–44.
Canfield MA, Honein MA, Yuskiv N, Xing J, Mai CT, Collins JS, et al. National estimates and race/ethnic-specific variation of selected birth defects in the United States, 1999–2001. Birt Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2006;76(11):747–56.
Egbe AC. Birth Defects in the Newborn Population: race and ethnicity. Pediatr Neonatol. 2015;56(3):183–8.
Kushki AM, Zeyghami B. The effect of consanguineous marriages on congenital malformation. J Res Med Sci. 2005;10(5):298–301.
Singh K, Krishnamurthy K, Greaves C, Kandamaran L, Nielsen AL, Kumar A. Major Congenital Malformations in Barbados: the prevalence, the pattern, and the resulting morbidity and mortality. ISRN Obstet Gynecol. 2014;2014:1–8.