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Abstract
RÉSUMÉ
Introduction. L’infection est définie comme la pénétration dans un organisme d’un agent étranger (bactérie, virus, champignon, parasite) capable de s’y multiplier et d’y induire des lésions pathologiques. L’objectif de notre travail était de déterminer, les aspects clinques et thérapeutiques des infections du site opératoire (ISO) chez les césariennes itératives (utérus cicatriciels) versus césariennes systématiques (utérus sains). Matériel et méthodes. Il s’agissait d’une étude rétrospective et comparative du 1er Janvier 2013 au 31 Décembre 2017 à la maternité du centre de santé de référence de la commune V du District de Bamako. Le test de statistique utilisé a été khi2 avec un seuil significatif de p < de 0,05. Résultats. Les infections du site opératoire ont été retrouvées chez 540(5,25%) césariennes. L’âge moyen était de 26 ans. La suppuration superficielle a été retrouvée chez 115(64%) utérus cicatriciels contre 192(53,33%) utérus sains (p=0,019). 170(94,44%) utérus cicatriciels et 304(84,44%) utérus sains étaient de la classe II de risque d’Altemeier (chirurgie propre-contaminée) avec p=0,000. 170(94,44%) utérus cicatriciels et 304(84,44%) utérus sains avaient le score zéro (chirurgie propre ou propre contaminée) de NNISS (National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System). Nous avons retrouvé dès le premier pansement, une suppuration chez 55(30,56%) utérus cicatriciels contre 101(28,06%) utérus sains (p=0,345). Les germes les plus souvent isolés étaient : les Staphylocoques sp dans 77(31,44%) cas et l’Escherichia coli chez 53(16,94%). L’antibiothérapie a été adaptée à l’antibiogramme. Le pansement avec ou sans parage de la plaie a été effectué chez toutes les patientes (100%). Conclusion. Les ISO post césariennes restent élevées en commune v de Bamako.
ABSTRACT
Introduction. Infection is defined as the entry into an organism of a foreign agent (bacteria, virus, fungus, parasite) capable of multiplying and causing pathological lesions. The objective of our work was to determine, clinical and therapeutic aspects of surgical site infections (SSI) in recurrent cesarean sections (scarred uteri) versus systematic cesarean sections (healthy uterus). Methods. This was a retrospective and comparative study from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2017 at the maternity ward of the reference health center of commune V of the District of Bamako. The statistical test used was chi2 with a significant cutoff of p <0.05. Results. Surgical site infections were found in 540 (5.25%) cesarean sections. The average age was 26. Superficial suppuration was found in 115 (64%) scarred uteri versus 192 (53.33%) healthy uteri (p = 0.019). 170 (94.44%) scarred uteri and 304 (84.44%) healthy uteri were Altemeier risk class II (clean-contaminated surgery) with p = 0.000. 170 (94.44%) scarred uteri and 304 (84.44%) healthy uteri had a zero score (clean or clean contaminated surgery) from the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System (NNISS). From the first dressing, we found suppuration in 55 (30.56%) scarred uteri against 101 (28.06%) healthy uteri (p = 0.345). The most frequently isolated organisms were: Staphylococci sp in 77 (31.44%) cases and Escherichia coli in 53 (16.94%). Antibiotic therapy was adapted to the antibiogram. Dressing with or without wound dressing was performed in all patients (100%). Conclusion. post-cesarean SSIs remain high in Bamako commune v.
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References
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- -Ugwu EOV, Obioha KCE, Okezie OA, Ugwu AO. A Five-year Survey of Caesarean Delivery at a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2011 Jan-Jun; 1(1): 77-83.
- -Cisse CT, Andriamady C, Faye O, Diouf A, Bouillin D, Diadhou F. Indications et pronostic de l'opération césarienne au CHU de Dakar. Journal de Gynécologie Obstétrique et Biologie de la Reproduction. 1995; 24 (2): 194-197.
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References
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-Benkirane S, Saadi H, Mimouni A. Le profil épidémiologique des complications maternelles de la césarienne au CHR EL Farabi Oujda. Pan African Medical Journal. 2017 ; 27 :108. doi :10.11604/pamj.2017.27.108.10036.
- Merzougui L, Marwen N, Hannachi H, Asma M, Elhaj OB,Waddah M, Fatnassi R. Incidence et facteurs de risque de l’infection du site opératoire après césarienne dans une maternité de Tunisie. Cairn.info pour S.F.S.P « Santé Publique » 2018 ; 30 (3) : 339.
-Edwards JR, Peterson KD, Mu Y, Banerjee S, Allen-Bridson K,Morrell G, et al. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) report:data summary for 2006 through 2008, issued December 2009. Am J Infect Control. 2009; 37(10):783-805.
- Yokoe DS, Christiansen CL, Johnson R, Sands KE, Livingston J,Shtatland ES, et al. Epidemiology of and surveillance for postpartuminfections. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(5):837-41.
- Nyamogoba H, Obala A. Nosocomial infections in developing countries:
cost effective control and prevention. East Afr Med J. 2002 ;79(8) :435-41.
- Minchella A, Alonso S, Cazaban M, Lemoine MC, Sotto A. Surveillance des infections du site opératoire en chirurgie digestive. Science Direct Médecine et maladies infectieuses. 2008 ; 38 : 489–94.
-Institut national de veille sanitaire. Enquête nationale de prévalence des infections nosocomiales, juin 2006. Résultats préliminaires ; 2007. 2006 résultats preliminaires.
-Lima JL, de Aguiar RA, Leite HV, Silva HH, de Oliveira WM, Sacramento JP, et al. Surveillance of surgical site infection after cesarean section and time of notification. Am J Infect Control. 2016; 44(3):273-7.
-Olsen MA, Butler AM, Willers DM, Devkota P, Gross GA, Fraser VJ. Risk factors for surgical site infection after low transverse cesarean section. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008; 29(6):477-84; 85-6.
-Jido T, Garba I. Surgical-site Infection Following Cesarean Section in Kano, Nigeria. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2012;2 (1):33-6.
Mpogoro FJ, Mshana SE, Mirambo MM, Kidenya BR, Gumodoka B, Imirzalioglu C. Incidence and predictors of surgical site infectionsfollowing caesarean sections at Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2014; 3(1):25.
Shrestha S, Shrestha R, Shrestha B, Dongol A. Incidence and risk factors of surgical site infection following cesarean section at Dhulikhel Hospital. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ). 2014; 12(46):113-6.
De D, Saxena S, Mehta G, Yadav R, Dutta R. Risk factor analysis and microbial etiology of surgical site infections following lower segment caesarean section. International Journal of Antibiotics. 2013.
-Woelber E, Schrick EJ, Gessner BD, Evans HL. Proportion of Surgical Site Infections Occurring after Hospital Discharge: A Systematic Review. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2016; 17(5):510-9.
-Chu K, Maine R, Trelles M. Cesarean section surgical site infections in sub-Saharan Africa: a multi-country study from Medicines’ Sans Frontiers. World J Surg. 2015; 39(2):350-5.
- Wloch C, Wilson J, Lamagni T, Harrington P, Charlett A, Sheridan E. Risk factors for surgical site infection following caesarean section in England: results from a multicentre cohort study. BJOG. 2012; 119(11):1324-33.
- Johnson A, Young D, Reilly J. Caesarean section surgical site infection surveillance. J Hosp Infect. 2006; 64(1):30-5.
- Krieger Y, Walfisch A, Sheiner E. Surgical site infection following cesarean deliveries: trends and risk factors. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017;30(1):8-12.
-Assawapalanggool S, Kasatpibal N, Sirichotiyakul S, Arora R, Suntornlimsiri W. Risk factors for cesarean surgical site infections at a Thai-Myanmar border hospital. Am J Infect Control. 2016;44(9):990-5.
-Olsen MA, Butler AM, Willers DM, Gross GA, Devkota P, Fraser VJ.Risk factors for endometritis after low transverse cesarean delivery. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010; (1):69-77.
- Tran TS, Jamulitrat S, Chongsuvivatwong V, Geater A. Risk factors for postcesarean surgical site infection. Obstet Gynecol. 2000; 95(3):367-71.
-Farret TC, Dalle J, Monteiro Vda S, Riche CV, Antonello VS. Risk factors for surgical site infection following cesarean section in a Brazilian Women’s Hospital: a case-control study. Braz J Infect Dis. 2015;19(2):113-7.
- Racinet CP, Bouzid F. Césariennes: Éditions techniques. Encycl Med Chir (Paris-France), Techniques chirurgicales, Urologie- Gynécologie. 1994; 41-900; 20 p.
- Van Roosmalen J1, van der Does CD. Caesarean birth rates worldwide: a search for determinants.Trop Geogr Med. 1995; 47(1):19-22.
-Ugwu EOV, Obioha KCE, Okezie OA, Ugwu AO. A Five-year Survey of Caesarean Delivery at a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2011 Jan-Jun; 1(1): 77-83.
-Cisse CT, Andriamady C, Faye O, Diouf A, Bouillin D, Diadhou F. Indications et pronostic de l'opération césarienne au CHU de Dakar. Journal de Gynécologie Obstétrique et Biologie de la Reproduction. 1995; 24 (2): 194-197.
- Deneux-tharaux C, Carmona E, Bouvier-Colle MH, Bréart G. Postpartum maternal mortality and Cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 108(3): 541-548.