Main Article Content
Abstract
RÉSUMÉ
Introduction. Le diagnostic de la tuberculose pleurale reste un réel défi, car il repose sur l’histopathologie et la culture des tissus pleuraux qui impliquent une procédure invasive, une expertise et des équipements appropriés souvent indisponibles dans nos unités de soins. Le GeneXpert MTB RIF a été largement évalué sur les expectorations mais les données sur ses performances dans la tuberculose pleurale sont rares. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer la performance du GeneXpert MTB RIF dans le diagnostic de la tuberculose pleurale au Congo. Méthodologie. Les patients consentants, présentant une pleurésie exsudative lymphocytaire ont été soumis à une ponction biopsie pleurale. Les prélèvements ont fait l’objet d’analyses : GeneXpert MTB RIF pour le liquide pleural et l’histopathologie pour les fragments biopsiques de la plèvre. La sensibilité, spécificité, la VPP et la VPN du GeneXpert MTB RIF sur le liquide pleural dans le diagnostic de la tuberculose pleurale ont été calculées en utilisant histopathologie des pièces biopsiques pleurales comme gold standard. Résultats. Sur les 42 patients inclus, 25 soit 59,52% avaient une analyse histopathologique confirmant la tuberculose. Le GeneXpert MTB RIF a permis d’isoler le Mycobacterium tuberculosis chez 05 cas/25 soit 20% d’entre eux. La sensibilité et la spécificité étaient respectivement de 20%, 100%. La VPP et la VPN étaient respectivement de 100% et 45, 95%. Conclusion. Le test du GeneXpert MTB RIF présente des limites dans le diagnostic de la tuberculose pleurale. Au vu de ces résultats il ne serait pas judicieux de l’utiliser comme seul moyen de diagnostic de la tuberculose pleurale.
ABSTRACT
Introduction. The diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis is a real challenge because it is based on the histopathology and culture of pleural tissue which involve an invasive procedure, expertise and appropriate equipment often unavailable in our care units. GeneXpert MTB RIF has been extensively evaluated on sputum but data on its performance in pleural tuberculosis are rare. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of GeneXpert MTB RIF in the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis in Congo. Methods. Consenting patients with lymphocytic exudative pleurisy were subjected to pleural biopsy. The samples were analyzed: GeneXpert MTB RIF for pleural fluid and histopathology for biopsy fragments of the pleura. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of GeneXpert MTB RIF on pleural fluid in the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis were calculated using histopathology of pleural biopsy parts as gold standard. Results. 42 patients were included, and 25 (59.52%) had histopathological findings confirming tuberculosis. The GeneXpert MTB RIF allowed isolating Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 5/25 or 20% of them. Sensitivity and specificity were 20% and 100%, respectively. The PPV and NPV were 100% and 45.95%, respectively. Conclusion. The GeneXpert MTB RIF test has significant limitations in the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis. In view of these results, it would not be appropriate to use it as the only means of diagnosing pleural tuberculosis.
Article Details
References
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- -Harries AD, Zachariah R, Lawn DS, Santos-Filho ET, et al. The HIV-association tuberculosis epidemic-when will we act. Lancet 2010; 375:1905-19
- -Centre National de Statistique et des Etudes Economiques (CNSSE) et Centre de Recherche et d’études en Développement en Sante Publique (CREDES) : Evaluation Nationale de la séroprévalence des infections à VIH et de la syphilis, Paris 2014.
- - Bemba ELP, Matodot PGH, Ossibi-Ibara RB et al. Evaluation de la prise en charge de la tuberculose au Congo : 2010-2014. Rev Pneumol Trop 2015; 24 : 37-42.
- - Sharma SK, Mohan A (2004) Extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Indian J Med Res 120: 316–353.
- -Batungwanayo J, Taelman H, Allen S, Bogaerts J, Kagame A, et al. (1993) Pleural effusion, tuberculosis and HIV-1 infection in Kigali, Rwanda. Aids 7: 73–79
- -Luzze H, Elliott AM, Joloba ML, Odida M, Oweka-Onyee J, et al. (2001) Evaluation of suspected tuberculous pleurisy: clinical and diagnostic findings in HIV-1-positive and HIV-negative adults in Uganda. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 5: 746–53.
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- -Aggarwal AN, Gupta D, Jindal SK (1999) Diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 41: 89–100.
- - Berger HW, Mejia E (1973) Tuberculous pleurisy. Chest 63: 88–92.
- - Kumar S, Seshadri MS, Koshi G, John TJ (1981) Diagnosing tuberculous pleural effusion: comparative sensitivity of mycobacterial culture and histopathology. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 283: 20.
- -Helb D, Jones M, Story E, Boehme C, Wallace E, et al. (2010) Rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampin resistance by use of on-demand, near-patient technology. J Clin Microbiol 48: 229–37.
- -Blakemore R, Story E, Helb D, Kop J, Banada P, et al. (2010) Evaluation of the analytical performance of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay. J Clin Microbiol 48: 2495–501.
- -Steingart KR, Sohn H, Schiller I, Kloda LA, Boehme CC, et al. (2013) Xpert(R) MTB/RIF assay for pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1: CD009593.
- -Boehme CC, Nabeta P, Hillemann D, Nicol MP, Shenai S, et al. (2010) Rapid molecular detection of tuberculosis and rifampin resistance. N Engl J Med 363: 1005–15.
- -Alvarez-Uria G, Azcona JM, Midde M, Naik PK, Reddy S, et al. (2012) Rapid Diagnosis of Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in HIV-Infected Patients. Comparison of LED Fluorescent Microscopy and the GeneXpert MTB/RIF Assay in a District Hospital in India. Tuberc Res Treat 2012: 932862.
- -Moure R, Martin R, Alcaide F (2012) Effectiveness of an integrated real-time PCR method for detection of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in smear-negative extrapulmonary samples in an area of low tuberculosis prevalence. J Clin Microbiol 50: 513–15.
- Tortoli E, Russo C, Piersimoni C, Mazzola E, Dal Monte P, et al. (2012) Clinical validation of Xpert MTB/RIF for the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Eur Respir J 40: 442–47.
- Hillemann D, Rusch-Gerdes S, Boehme C, Richter E (2011) Rapid molecular detection of extrapulmonary tuberculosis by the automated GeneXpert MTB/RIF system. J Clin Microbiol 49: 1202–5.
- Friedrich SO, von Groote-Bidlingmaier F, Diacon AH (2011) Xpert MTB/RIF assay for diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol 49: 4341–2.
- Meldau R, Peter J, Theron G, Calligaro G, Allwood B, et al. (2014) Comparison of same day diagnostic tools including Gene Xpert and unstimulated IFN-gamma for the evaluation of pleural tuberculosis: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pulm Med 14: 58.
- - Light RW, Macgregor MI, Luchsinger PC, Ball WC Jr (1972) Pleural effusions: the diagnostic separation of transudates and exudates. Ann Intern Med 77: 507–13.
- -Porcel JM (2009) Tuberculous pleural effusion. Lung 187: 263–70.
- -Bahloui A, Elkard I, Zaghba N et al. Le rendement technique et diagnostic de la ponction biopsie pleurale dans les pleurésie serofibrineuses. Rev Mal Resp 2013 ; 3 :145
- - Ngom A, Koffi N, Aka-Danguy E, Kouakou KJ, et al. Apport de la biopsie pleurale au diagnostic des pleurésies tuberculeuses : Etude prospective de 89 cas au CHU d’Abidjan. Méd Afr Noire : 1997, 44 (2) :80-3.
- -Porcel JM, Palma R, Valdes L, Bielsa S, San-Jose E, et al. (2013) Xpert(R) MTB/RIF in pleural fluid for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 17: 1217–19.
- - Chrétien J., Nebut M. Les épanchements pleuraux à liquide clair à l’exclusion des épanchements purulents. EMC 1987, 6041, A30.
- - Slutkin G, Leowski J, Mann J. Tuberculose et SIDA : les effets de l’épidémie du SIDA sur la situation de la tuberculose et sur les programmes de lutte antituberculeuse. Bull. UICTMR 1988, 63 (2) : 22-5.
References
-World Health Organization, Global tuberculosis control 2014: Epidémiology, Stratégie, Financing. WHO/HTM/TB/2014. 412].
-Harries AD, Zachariah R, Lawn DS, Santos-Filho ET, et al. The HIV-association tuberculosis epidemic-when will we act. Lancet 2010; 375:1905-19
-Centre National de Statistique et des Etudes Economiques (CNSSE) et Centre de Recherche et d’études en Développement en Sante Publique (CREDES) : Evaluation Nationale de la séroprévalence des infections à VIH et de la syphilis, Paris 2014.
- Bemba ELP, Matodot PGH, Ossibi-Ibara RB et al. Evaluation de la prise en charge de la tuberculose au Congo : 2010-2014. Rev Pneumol Trop 2015; 24 : 37-42.
- Sharma SK, Mohan A (2004) Extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Indian J Med Res 120: 316–353.
-Batungwanayo J, Taelman H, Allen S, Bogaerts J, Kagame A, et al. (1993) Pleural effusion, tuberculosis and HIV-1 infection in Kigali, Rwanda. Aids 7: 73–79
-Luzze H, Elliott AM, Joloba ML, Odida M, Oweka-Onyee J, et al. (2001) Evaluation of suspected tuberculous pleurisy: clinical and diagnostic findings in HIV-1-positive and HIV-negative adults in Uganda. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 5: 746–53.
-Bemba ELP, Ossibi-Ibara BR, Aloumba AG, Okemba-Okombi FH et al. Impact de l’infection à VIH sur l’évolution de la pathologie respiratoire dans le service de Pneumo-Phtisiologie du CHU de Brazzaville de 2006 à 2013. J Fran Viet Pneu 2015 ; 18: 19-23.
-Aggarwal AN, Gupta D, Jindal SK (1999) Diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 41: 89–100.
- Berger HW, Mejia E (1973) Tuberculous pleurisy. Chest 63: 88–92.
- Kumar S, Seshadri MS, Koshi G, John TJ (1981) Diagnosing tuberculous pleural effusion: comparative sensitivity of mycobacterial culture and histopathology. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 283: 20.
-Helb D, Jones M, Story E, Boehme C, Wallace E, et al. (2010) Rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampin resistance by use of on-demand, near-patient technology. J Clin Microbiol 48: 229–37.
-Blakemore R, Story E, Helb D, Kop J, Banada P, et al. (2010) Evaluation of the analytical performance of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay. J Clin Microbiol 48: 2495–501.
-Steingart KR, Sohn H, Schiller I, Kloda LA, Boehme CC, et al. (2013) Xpert(R) MTB/RIF assay for pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1: CD009593.
-Boehme CC, Nabeta P, Hillemann D, Nicol MP, Shenai S, et al. (2010) Rapid molecular detection of tuberculosis and rifampin resistance. N Engl J Med 363: 1005–15.
-Alvarez-Uria G, Azcona JM, Midde M, Naik PK, Reddy S, et al. (2012) Rapid Diagnosis of Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in HIV-Infected Patients. Comparison of LED Fluorescent Microscopy and the GeneXpert MTB/RIF Assay in a District Hospital in India. Tuberc Res Treat 2012: 932862.
-Moure R, Martin R, Alcaide F (2012) Effectiveness of an integrated real-time PCR method for detection of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in smear-negative extrapulmonary samples in an area of low tuberculosis prevalence. J Clin Microbiol 50: 513–15.
Tortoli E, Russo C, Piersimoni C, Mazzola E, Dal Monte P, et al. (2012) Clinical validation of Xpert MTB/RIF for the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Eur Respir J 40: 442–47.
Hillemann D, Rusch-Gerdes S, Boehme C, Richter E (2011) Rapid molecular detection of extrapulmonary tuberculosis by the automated GeneXpert MTB/RIF system. J Clin Microbiol 49: 1202–5.
Friedrich SO, von Groote-Bidlingmaier F, Diacon AH (2011) Xpert MTB/RIF assay for diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol 49: 4341–2.
Meldau R, Peter J, Theron G, Calligaro G, Allwood B, et al. (2014) Comparison of same day diagnostic tools including Gene Xpert and unstimulated IFN-gamma for the evaluation of pleural tuberculosis: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pulm Med 14: 58.
- Light RW, Macgregor MI, Luchsinger PC, Ball WC Jr (1972) Pleural effusions: the diagnostic separation of transudates and exudates. Ann Intern Med 77: 507–13.
-Porcel JM (2009) Tuberculous pleural effusion. Lung 187: 263–70.
-Bahloui A, Elkard I, Zaghba N et al. Le rendement technique et diagnostic de la ponction biopsie pleurale dans les pleurésie serofibrineuses. Rev Mal Resp 2013 ; 3 :145
- Ngom A, Koffi N, Aka-Danguy E, Kouakou KJ, et al. Apport de la biopsie pleurale au diagnostic des pleurésies tuberculeuses : Etude prospective de 89 cas au CHU d’Abidjan. Méd Afr Noire : 1997, 44 (2) :80-3.
-Porcel JM, Palma R, Valdes L, Bielsa S, San-Jose E, et al. (2013) Xpert(R) MTB/RIF in pleural fluid for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 17: 1217–19.
- Chrétien J., Nebut M. Les épanchements pleuraux à liquide clair à l’exclusion des épanchements purulents. EMC 1987, 6041, A30.
- Slutkin G, Leowski J, Mann J. Tuberculose et SIDA : les effets de l’épidémie du SIDA sur la situation de la tuberculose et sur les programmes de lutte antituberculeuse. Bull. UICTMR 1988, 63 (2) : 22-5.